Para sa Hopeless Romantic

â€Å"Para sa Hopeless Romantic† by Marcelo Santos III, published in February 14th 2013 by Lifebooks, is a novel composed of 5 love stories of people who embark on a romantic search of their own happy ending. There are Rebecca, Nikko, Ryan, Maria and Jackie. Each one has their own love story to tell. One character is afraid to love again; the other is hoping to find love. Another character is trying to forget while the other one is longing to reunite with a former flame. Santos’ characters seem real, and their experiences taken from real life.Becca is a 3rd year student in PUP as well as Nikko and other characters like Jackie and RJ, and Sir Matt who is Becca’s boss. He made Becca and Nikko like typical college students that have relationship and quarrels. Jackie was made a happy girl, who likes handsome guys like RJ, who likes beautiful ladies on the other hand, a chickboy. Santos made his characters simple and real. Heart-tugging, passionate, and romantic, anyo ne will fall in love with the stories â€Å"Bag at Folder†, â€Å"Upuan†, â€Å"Jeepney†, â€Å"Dota vs Girlfriend†, and â€Å"Katol.†The characters are so relatable particularly to teenagers nowadays. This book may not come in series, but there are rumors that there is another book in the works and maybe an upcoming movie version too. The author, Marcelo Santos III – a beginner in his career, used to be just a blogger but now he’s a short film director, a writer, and a would-be Bestselling author. He graduated at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines in 2011. He got famous for his work, LSOV or Love Story on Video, which spread viral on Youtube that made his career go wider in the internet world.Santos’ goal in writing this novel is to bring inspiration to people experiencing the same problem as those to the characters in the book, to motivate people who are likely to give up to their problems. He also wants to be noti ced by the public, to be more famous, and to make more novels people can relate to nowadays. I’m sure that a lot of people will enjoy reading this book, a lot of teenagers can relate to the characters and to the problems of each character experience in the story, especially issues when it comes to the matter of the heart. Many readers may anticipate for the next book and the movie rumors.

There’s more to life than meets the eye

Mary knows everything about the color, red, except to experience the experience of seeing it for the first time. Would she sigh when sees red? Would she hug the person standing next to her out of joy, because she is seeing the color red, a beautiful color, for the first time? Would Mary be reminded of a happy or sad memory when she sees the color, red, for the first time? In other words, would she experience a flashback in black and white? If the answers to all these questions are in the affirmative; it is true that Mary also experiences thoughts and feelings that cannot easily be explained through the physical senses. What is the nature of the mind, after all? Churchland does not even explain how the nature of imagination could be described in terms of things that can be sensed with the five senses alone. Of course, Mary has read about the color, red. Then again, how would she describe the joy she feels in terms of the physical world? If physicalism is the only way to describe and understand the nature as well as experiences of human beings, then Mary should know everything about the color red, just because she has studied everything under the bright blue sky (Vinueza, 2004). This is the belief of people that believe there are only facts to describe about the physical world. There are no bases for feelings, such as joy, in this belief system. So, Mary must essentially feel like a robot. Because Mary is not a robot – she is a human being – it is essential for her to experience the color red for the first time as something breathtaking, even if books had taught her to expect that. In that case, books must also have taught her how she would see the color red for the first time, that is, what she would experience within herself to boot – her thoughts and feelings. If this is true, then physicalism cannot truly be false, according to those that believe in it. After all, it is now possible to reduce everything to physical notes and tones – neurons and electric signals within the brain – in order to understand thoughts, feelings and imagination. Given that it is possible to argue for both physicalism and metaphysical philosophies – it can be stated with confidence that both the knowledge argument and physicalism were developed by reasonable people. It was only their belief systems, and the way they explained their experiences in life and facts about the world – with both metaphysical examples and arguments based on materialism – that made them either for or against physicalism or another philosophy. The example of creative writing or fiction shows that it is possible to explain almost everything with words, regardless of how human reason is applied to create an argument or philosophy. The active human mind makes it possible to believe anything whatsoever.

Strategic Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Management - Coursework Example â€Å"Performance consensus† according to the journal is a neutral factor that is crucial to both strategic approaches. The size of the firm, influence of the CEO and uncertain operational environment of the company restrain strategy making approach of the firm. Before settling on any particular strategy, it is important to conduct a cost-benefit-analysis so as to determine the combined possible benefits of both rather than focus on one strategy. Dynamic business world demands that organizations utilize emergent strategy, which makes performance consensus a significant success driver in the implementation thereof. In concurrence with the journal, it is true that utilizing the relevant strategy ensures flexibility of managers. The article facilitates the process of strategy formulation in firms by providing adequate information needed for the entire process. Mintzberg, H 1990, â€Å"The design school: reconsidering the basic premises of strategic management,† Strategic M anagement Journal, Vol. 11, PP 171-195. ... The author critically examines the design school model exposing its strengths and weakness. According to this design, leadership in an organization has the responsibility of determining organizational goals and essential tasks that must be undertaken to achieve the desired position of the firm. In this school of thought, the following premises hold: strategy formulation should be a managed and cognizant process. Second, the main strategist is the CEO, the model used must be straightforward, the strategy should be exclusive, the strategies should be communicated and they become implemented after complete formulation. The authors argue that the design school model is riddled with false assumptions and is often out of context. Both relevant structure and strategy determine organizational success. Despite many criticisms about the design school model, it still remains popular with many organisations and provides useful understanding into managerial concepts and practices. However, it is most likely to be outdated, particularly concerning modern business application. Ansoff, H 1991, â€Å"Critique of Henry Mintzberg's 'The design school: reconsidering the basic premises of strategic management’,† Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12, PP 449-461. Ansoff in 1991 assessed Mintzberg’s (1990) critique of the ‘design school’ of strategic management based on two conditions: procedural reliability and factual authenticity. In his work, Mintzberg critique lacks both criteria. His own suggestion for the fundamental philosophy of strategic management falls in the same analytical criteria. According to Ansoff, Mintzberg’s clarification lacks methodology and his descriptive as well as prescriptive affirmations are contradictory to the contemporary management practices.

Market Power (Business Enviroment Module) Essay

Market Power (Business Enviroment Module) - Essay Example In order to keep this in check, various agencies have been established in US to control the abuse of market power by organizations. The key agency is the Department of Justice’s Antitrust Division. The three major federal antitrust laws are the Sherman Antitrust Act, the Clayton Act, and the Federal Trade Commission Act. The mission of Antitrust Division is to protect the consumers against unreasonable competition practices of organizations that result in higher product and service prices. The most implemented law by the Antitrust Division is the Sherman Antitrust Act. Under this act, Section 2 explains that it is illegal to â€Å"monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations† (Vickers, 2005). The other agency instituted to govern the market power is Federal Trade Commission (FTC). This agency deals with the issues that protect consumers while controlling the competition by preventing unfair competition. The FTC along with Department of Justice Antitrust Division pursues effective laws that pursues customers’ interests, develops policies and practices for consumers and businesses in the country’s market place as well globally. The FTC’s work is however performed by the Bureau’s of Consumer Protection, Competition and Economics. The above two agencies implement laws both on the regional and national level. In addition to this, many different independent government agencies have been set up to control various inter-state competitions. For the regulation of communications either by radio, television, satellite, cable, telephone and so on a Federal Communication Commission has been set up. For the regulation of competition and consumer protection in natural gas, oil, and electricity Federal Energy Regulatory

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 116

Case Study Example In addition, it strengthens during international turmoil (Balcerowicz, & World Bank Group, 2015). Unfavorable foreign exchange movements cause significant appreciation in Swiss franc against the Euro as well as other main currencies thereby challengingly affecting Swiss managers, employees, and firms (Butcher, 2011). According to the perspective of Swiss importing firms, the unfavorable exchange rate movements normally cause the prices of exports to increase thus weakening the customer demand. It makes the Swiss products to be more expensive abroad thus creating a negative impacts on their demand and this directly affects the sales revenue of companies (Horcher, 2013). On the other hand, unfavorable exchange rate movements greatly affect employees in terms of job loss and pay cuts. Low sales volume and profits due to low customer demand prompts firms to seek ways to survive and adapt by adjusting wages. Finally, it may force the managers to move their production to the euro zone in case they fail to cut wages and this also could cause more job losses at Mopac in Switzerland (Balcerowicz, & World Bank Group, 2015). I would have to move the production or the company to the euro zone because it is cheaper to produce in the region due to the weaker currency. Secondly I would have to cut wages to make the products cheaper thereby raising customer demand which in turn increases the sales volume and profits (Horcher, 2013). Thirdly, I would have to employ cross-border workers and pay them in Euros in order to cope with the appreciating Swiss franc. Finally, I would engage in simple currency diversification or currency hedging just like other large companies (Butcher, 2011). I would gladly accept Euros because it is weaker than the Swiss franc. The four options will greatly assist us in coping with the spike in Swiss franc (Balcerowicz, & World Bank Group,

Fund an exploration program for a Search for Life Term Paper

Fund an exploration program for a Search for Life - Term Paper Example ehab Inc., NASDAQ: ASTC) is an example of a small, publicly traded company involved in the business of space exploration, mission supplies, research and development of space exploration technologies. One of the greatest successes of supra-national cooperation in space exploration is the International Space Station (ISS), built and developed in coordination with advanced scientific teams from over 15 different nations. (NASA, 1998) In order to develop and plan for the search for life in our solar system, as well as to fund this search through private investment that is sustainable and profitable for shareholders over time, a private company should be formed that seeks to replicate the facilities, research, and success of the International Space Station in orbital locations across the solar system. The company should also engage in the production of â€Å"interplanetary gliders† powered by solar sails and ion drives that are able to travel through the low gravity environments be tween the planets. By establishing orbital communities around the other planets in our solar system, as well as the moons of these planets, the company can used already known and developed technologies to innovate and make the current plans more efficient, that human colonies can be established around the solar system to be dedicated to the search for life on other planets and moons. Due to the benefits of specialization and cooperation, the â€Å"heavy lifting† of escaping the Earth’s gravity system and transporting goods, people, and equipment into space via rocket or shuttle systems should be sub-contracted initially to other companies such as SpaceX, while the company under proposal, to be named initially the SpaceHub Investment Group (SIG), should specialize in building fully complete and replicable ISS-style space habitation units. In order to attain an advantage in research, intellectual property, press exposure, and experienced personnel for this venture, SIG should first attempt a

The Age of Reagan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Age of Reagan - Essay Example His tenure marked a period of economic prosperity, a significant drop in the unemployment rate, increased growth in GDP, millions of new jobs, and decreased inflation rate. However, there was a sharp rise in national debt. His foreign policy scored impressively. He curbed the spread of communism and in fact led to the totalitarian communism and which marked the end of cold war. Well, President Reagan domestic and foreign policies successfully turned around the economy though not the extent that both he and his supporters anticipated. Reagan attributed the faltering economy he had inherited to the excessive government growth and spending. According to lecture notes, â€Å"Reagan concluded early in his administration that entitlement programs serving 80 million people and costing $21 billion every year, principally Social Security, Medicare, and defense. Social Security, for example, made up 21 percent of the total budget and continued to rise 3.5 percent every year.† (Lecture n otes, 2 December 2013). Therefore, he undertook to manipulate government spending by cutting expenditures in certain domestic programs, while he increased spending in other sectors of the economy. According to Galupo, this suited well with Keynesian Economics. He states that â€Å"It is government intervention to support total spending, and especially the use of public spending power, in the military or elsewhere, to bring the economy out of a ditch† (Galupo, â€Å"Ronald Reagan Practiced Keynesian Economics Successfully†). Accordingly, he successfully managed to convince a democrat controlled congress to approve cuts in spending in government programs and departments such as EPA. This way, he managed to achieve another core objective of Reaganomics: balanced budget. One of the core pillars of Reaganomics was reduced tax cuts to both individual and body corporate. As Mooney explains, â€Å"he argued that a dramatic reduction in tax rates, especially for the richest Am erican, would increase the production of goods and services, expanding the economy so that, even with lower tax rates, more revenue would flow to the federal government. (Mooney, 187). The success of this policy is evidenced by the manner in which he managed to convince a republican controlled senate and democrat controlled congress to pass the Tax Reform Law of 1986. Tax cuts managed to spur the growth of businesses and check the rise in inflation. However, they dramatically reduced the income of the government. Despite reduced tax and income, Reagan dramatically increased public spending in the military. He advocated for a rearmed and strong military. Accordingly, â€Å"during the first seven years of his presidency he spent over $1.5 trillion on national defense- â€Å"a staggering amount,† according to former advisor Martin Anderson† (Mooney, 192). He believed that Government spending on the military flowed through the defense establishment and into the broader eco nomy, helping to stimulate economic recovery. This policy was to a large extent successful in turning around the U.S economy. However, because the government expenditure exceeded income, the government resulted to borrowings. As a result, the national debt skyrocketed. Some critics of Reaganomics argued that the improved economic environment was directly attributed to the

Air pollution in china Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Air pollution in china - Essay Example Indeed, the poor air quality threatens the power of the Chinese Communist Party which derives its authority from its social contract for providing better quality life to the people. The increase in both indoor and outdoor air pollution in China due to rapid industrialization, urbanization and economic growth adversely affects its people’s healthy, ecology and economy, thus the adoption of critical measures to curb the problem. The contributing factor to China’s air pollution is its rapid economic growth, urbanization and industrialization. He, Huo, and Zhang observe the proportion of China’s urban to total population grew from 18% to 31% between 1978 and 1999, this being three times the world’s average during the same period (398). The use of coal as a source of energy has been the main source of anthropogenic air pollution. Even so, Zhang and Smith observe that 60% of the population still lives in rural areas (848). This population uses biomass, which mainly includes crop residues and wood, in simple stoves. Thus, while the urban population heavily depends on coal for energy, the rural population depends on biomass. As such, China faces the problem of both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Despite the improvement in environmental protection requirements that have improved China’s air quality in the past decade as observed by Liu et al., the issue still remains a critical chall enge (281). SO2 and total suspended particulates, TSP, still remain ten times more concentrated in China’s air than recommended by the World Health Organization. Thus, it would be beneficial to understand the sources of this. The indoor air pollution in China is attributed to the rural population’s reliance on biomass as the source of household energy. Zhang and Smith observe that 80% of the energy that the rural households consumed in 2003 was from biomass, that is mainly wood and crop residues

Anthropology of humor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anthropology of humor - Assignment Example Humor is a part of our day-to-day life and people use humor while conversing, imagining, and observing. Humor is also beneficial as it gives social, psychological, and material advantages to the persons who make humor. Humor is soothing for pain, grief, anxiety, and nervousness. Mcgraw and Warren are of the view that â€Å"humor is a positive and adaptive response to benign violations. Humor provides a healthy and socially beneficial way to react to hypothetical threats, remote concerns, minor setbacks, social faux pas, cultural misunderstandings, and other benign violations people encounter on a regular basis. Humor also serves a valuable communicative function† (1148). Humor whatever may it be is not innocent; it reveals as much as it hides. Also, humor does not actually produce aggression, it is not unrelated to aggression. Gruner, Humor and Aggression There have been so many attempts by philosophers, scientists, critical theorists, and comedians to theorize humor and delin eate its intricacies. There are several theories, which try to interpret humor. What is humor? What is its social function? What ought to be considered as humor? Humor theorists have tried to find answers to all the above questions and beyond. These theories try to understand all sorts of humor by assuming some antecedents, like incongruity, tension release (Freud) or superiority (Gruner). However, the problem with them is that they speculate humor as an outcome of some tragedies. According to Gruner, â€Å"[p]rostitution could serve as the subject matter in a joke in order to make fun of others besides the girl and her client† (122). Humor, even it is on some people only, is always related to the society as a whole. Therefore, humor could reveal the social unconscious and the traces of repressed aggression within it. Many times, apparently, â€Å"the subject matter is sex [of humor], but the object of ridicule the conceited nature of both a young man and a young womanâ€⠄¢ (italics original) (Gruner, 126). Certainly, humor is an attack, a rebellion against the conceited nature of transactions in a non-transparent society. Charles R Gruner has offered a deep-going superiority theory of humor. He has contributed a lot in conceptualizing the humor. The central theme of Gruner’s theoretical formulation regarding the complexities of humor is that ‘much sexual humor is can also profit in humorousness by its active ingredient of aggression. That is, if both aggression and sexual content each make for good jokes, a combination of the two adds up to double enjoyment.† (emphasis original) (127). He equates humor with a game and firmly believes that there are winners, losers, and spectators in humor. Gruner is of the view that ‘sexual humor is one of the most prevalent and best-enjoyed kinds of humor† (127). Gruner's Superiority Theory of Humor has three fundamental assumptions. First, in the entire humorous situation there will be a winner and a loser. This notion is compatible with the human nature. Gruner believes that human beings are always competitive in their mind. In addition, humor has substituted the actual fight. Through humor people are competing with each other for hundreds of years. The winner, in Gruner’s notion, always makes fun of the loser. If we go to any talk show there we find comedians, who winners, making fun of politicians and elites, who are considered as losers.

Types of foodservice operation in healthcare facilities Research Paper

Types of foodservice operation in healthcare facilities - Research Paper Example There are four major types of food service operation alternatives for foodservice directors who seek to change foodservice systems to enhance quality control; these include conventional service, commissary, ready prepared, and assembly-serve food service (Food Product flow, n.d). Foodservice has a number of special characteristics that make it unique to production of other products, and this uniqueness influences decisions concerning production and service; in this regard, foodservice directors choose foodservice operations based on the uniqueness of the foodservice. Different foodservice operations offer solutions to some of the challenges such as scheduling employees and production, difficulty in staffing, and high labor and food costs that emerge from the unique characteristics of foodservice. Conventional food service Conventional foodservice system is the foodservice system that entails assembling ingredients and producing food onsite/location, held at appropriate temperatures, either heated or chilled, and served to customers (Types of Food Service Operations, n.d); also, foods are prepared closest to meal times as possible and the food is purchased all along the food processing continuum. Conventional foodservice is the foodservice system used extensively in schools, restaurants, colleges and universities, and cafeterias, but many of these conventional foodservice systems are increasingly using more and more food products from the complete end of the food-processing continuum because of the current labor shortfall affecting them today. Advantages of conventional foodservice system include high degree of perceived quality because it makes people think of fresh homemade foods, flexibility in menu items because food is prepared and served instantly thus food quality is uncompromised, in addition to, the ability to use traditional standardized recipes that need little or no need of modifications at all (Foodservice Systems, n.d). Disadvantages of conventiona l foodservice include intensive labor demand because more labor must be scheduled to meet high demands of food at peak times, higher food costs due to less control of portion sizes or wastages, less control over food safety due to inconsistences in staff adherence to standard operating procedures. Commissary foodservice Commissary foodservice, also known as centralized foodservice, is the system of foodservice where food production is centralized and food is transferred to satellite locations that act as receiving kitchens where food is then served to customers (Foodservice Systems, n.d). In this system of foodservice, food items are bought near the non-end of the food-processing continuum and food is prepared in the central kitchen exclusively thereby reducing costs considerably. In addition, the system takes advantage of economies of scale, low labor costs, and is best utilized in the airline industries, large restaurant corporations and a number of schools. Advantages of commissa ry foodservice include lower food and supply costs due to purchasing food supplies in large quantities, great purchasing power, improved ingredient control that decreases food costs, and effective inventory control to issue foods in appropriate quantities, lower labor costs, and high flexibility in scheduling of food preparation. Disadvantages of

The classics, Antigone and A Dolls House Essay Example for Free

The classics, Antigone and A Dolls House Essay To understand the relationships and the differences between two stories, one must analyze the story from beginning to end, noting which direction each story heading from the beginning. The plot must be closely looked upon as well as the actors and their actions. Antigone and A dolls house are very similar stories as they both tragic stories of betrayal and mind games. In Antigone, King Creon makes a statewide decree stating that Polynices, the traitor is not to receive a formal burial and is left to rot in the open, but his sister, Antigone, defies his decree even after her sister, Ismenes, refusal to aid in his burial. She buries Polynices and is caught. Soon a Sentry (military officer) arrives at the throne to give news to the king of the violation of his strict decree. The king threatens to take the life of the messenger if he does not come back with news of who has buried this traitor of his kingdom. Later, she is sentenced to be buried alive by King Creon even though she is about to marry the kings son, Haemon. After hearing of the sentencing, Tiresias comes to the throne to speak with the king, along side him, a small boy as an escort. This old prophet is a blind man that in the end of the story, is proven to see better than most able-bodied men of 30 years younger than that of himself. Tiresias proves to the king that gods are not on his side and Creon changes his mind. His final decision is too late. He leaves the throne to personally bury Polynices and speak with Antigone in the cave he sentenced her to die in. He finds that Antigone had hung herself and his own beloved son is no charging at him in full fury but then his blood is spilt at the mercy of his own blade. Meanwhile, back at the throne of King Creon, Eurydice is walking by a room where she hears men speaking of her dead son. She enters the room, where the kings cabinet awaits. She is told the news of her sons death and later takes her own life. Now Creon is all alone. Creon is man that is put into a tight predicament when he issues his decree. Creon is king and all in his kingdom are to obey his laws but what if he were to issue a law that goes against the gods laws. As king, any man would look like a weak fool if someone defied a direct order that he gave to an entire kingdom but what if later on, Creon was to reach the realization that his decree is seen as unjust by the gods as well as the people of his  kingdom. He is torn between looking weak to his entire kingdom by withholding his decree and having Polynices a proper burial service, or looking strong by going on with the death of his sons fiancà ¨e and be looked down upon by the people he serves. In A Dolls House, Nora Helmer runs into a very similar dilemma, which results in the odd twist at the end of the story. This story begins on Christmas Eve when Nora finds out that her husband Torvald has just received a promotion that will boost him to become bank manager. This excites Nora because some time back, her husband was very ill and was on the verge of death. Nora could not afford to keep her husband out of his deathbed so she forged her fathers signature on a contract that she and a man by the name of Krogstad had put together. Krogstad, an employee of Torvalds, has had a shady history and hasnt worked for Torvald long, but is willing to loan Nora the money to have her husband cured. Signing her fathers signature three days after his own death, Krogstad eventually finds out and is considering taking Nora to court because Krogstad has yet to be repaid for the loan. A woman, by the name of Mrs. Linde comes into town looking for employment and Nora recommended her to her husband. Torvald, considering getting rid of Krogstad because of his shady background, decided to replay Krogstad with Mrs. Linde and the rumor gets around the bank. Krogstad stops by and puts a letter in Torvalds box revealing to him the situation at hand. A doctor comes over later on and tells Nora that he is dying and Nora flirts with him trying to seduce him into maybe giving her the money but is interrupted when Krogstad is introduced to the scene. Krogstad meets Nora and tells her that she is going to be brought in front of a judge in a court of law if he looses his job. He would be loosing his only source of income and having children to feed, he would require Nora to pay him back so he intends to blackmail Nora for his job back. Torvald comes home and walks into his office and reads part of the letter. Enraged, Torvald comes out and finds Nora trying to leave. He stops her and goes off on a tantrum exclaiming how severely Nora has just ruined his life  but is interrupted by the maid who brings forth a letter from Krogstad that is addressed to Nora. Taking the letter, Torvald reads it and forgives her because Krogstad has had a change of heart. Previous to Krogsteads termination from the bank, Torvald promised his wife that he would take care of any repricutions from Krogsteads terminations but then falls back on his promise when he explains how Nora has ruined his life. She, in turn, sees what kind of person Torvald and hates what she finds. Nora then decides to leave her husband, family, and maid, to go out and educate herself about the world and her own personal character. Nora and Antigone both share some of the same character traits but they were revealed at opposite times in both of the stories. At the beginning of Antigone, Antigone makes a huge decision on how she is willing to die for her brothers burial procedure and at the end of A Dolls House, Nora makes her big decision about leaving everything she has ever known for her own sake, completely disregarding the needs of her family and prejudging that her husband will be able to take care of them alone, so she can go and have some time to herself to where she can find out who she really is. Creon is comparable to the character of Krogstad in A dolls house. In Antigone, Creon is the deciding factor of the outcome of the story and the same goes with Krogstad because all in all, he is the one that makes the decision whether he wants to bring his opposing character down or not. Creon made a decree stating that Polynices could not be buried and Krogstad made a decree saying that if he looses his job, he is taking Nora down with him. Together, they are both creating a fork in outcome of the stories. Mrs. Linde is like Ismene, Antigones sister, in the fact that they both offer their assistance in helping the main character of both stories towards the climax. Ismene is brought to the throne to speak of her sisters actions and she is truthful in what she says but she argues that Antigone should not be put to death. Mrs. Linde, being an old lover of Krogstad, is asked by Nora try and get Krogstad to not go through with his own decree. In summary, there are many things that bridge these two classic stories together. The stories are just told in reverse order. It can all be tracked from when the decree was made in each story. Antigone and A Dolls House are very much the same.

Human Resource Management in a Global Company

Human Resource Management in a Global Company First Chapter Introduction Groups of people see the world through their own set of assumptions, attitudes, beliefs, and values. Learn about their culture and how it formed them, and aim to understand how other culture work so that everyone can be an effective global manager. Organization from every part of the world is reaching out beyond their domestic markets to become international players. Not only is this very challenging on the business them, but it also creates a challenge for individual managers who must cope with working across geographic and cultural borders. Managing globally provides clear systems and approaches to help manage global networks and teams, and it examines the skills needed for dealing with different cultures. It teaches how to succeed in this new world. This is widely recognised that an organisational diversity is obvious and necessary nowadays because of increasing pace of economic and technological development. Organisations need to be flexible if they seek to remain competitive and want to survive in a long run. This research explores the phenomenon of diversity in one of UK’s leading super market named Sainsbury’s (London Colney). The researcher intends to examine what the policy to work with different culture people and how management manage working with diversity people in workplace in the store in last two years I have seen. 1.1 What we think about culture: Hofstede, (1991) defined culture as ‘the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category from another’. It’s about share your beliefs, values, expectations of a particular group of people and differentiates them from a member of other groups. It can be found at many different levels. Each cultural world operates according to its own internal dynamic, principles and its own laws. As individuals, we generally only become aware of our own culture when confronted by others. Cultural differences are significant differences which have been identified across countries based on observed cultural dimensions. 1.2 Why culture consider in a multinational company: Multinational companies are completely different from export-based firms not least because of their foreign subsidiaries. Not only does physical distance pose a challenge for effective communication, but also there is the challenge represented by cultural differences. Some MNCs have regarded cultural differences as so important that they have chosen to operate as multi-domestics with decision-making, management style and product development. The attitude is that people in the subsidiaries know best and should be allowed to go their own ways. For example, the attitudes in the Dutch electronics firm Philips for most of the previous century. The downside of this approach is the fiefdom and ‘not-invented-here’ mentality, which resulted in Philips’ North American subsidiary refusing to adopt the Philips video recorder (V2000) and opting instead for the rival Japanese model. However, many MNCs, including Philips since 1987, require a much greater degree of coordination, particularly in regard to learning. To do so, these firms must develop common practices and common values. If foreign subsidiaries are to be integrated for knowledge-sharing purposes, a starting point is an understanding of the mindsets of subsidiary management and employees in terms of their work-related values. The management challenge for many MNCs is to be able to adapt their organizations to culturally distinct environments without losing organizational stability. 1.3 About an organisation: Sainsbury’s is one of the leading retail super markets with approximately 792 stores all over the UK. There are some others supermarkets (Tesco, ASDA, Iceland and Somerfield) in UK which are the competitors of Sainsbury’s. All of them are trying their best to provide good services to their customers and working under diversity workplace. For the present research the researcher has taken Sainsbury’s London Colney to study about diversity. There were many reasons to select Sainsbury’s London Colney for this research. One of the reasons was that this is a big store with 350 employees working in different shifts (morning, evening, day, night and some are working as seasonal employees). The management of this store comprises on around 20 to 30 people. This is a 24 hours store, located in the retail park and is very busy because of its location and also because this is close to M25 and people can get everything from the same store and also there is some other shop near to Sainsbury’s like M S, Next, Boots and so on. The second reason to select this store as a case study was that the researcher is working in this store in its customer services and checkouts department so the researcher as a participant has enough experience to work with different culture people in the store in the last two years. The sample size of this research (which includes on management and employees) was also easily approachable to get the relevant data. The researcher was quite hopeful that management and employees will cooperate with him for collecting data. 1.3.1 Company policy and commitment to colleagues: There is much legislation surrounding the area of diversity and at the same time this provides a minimum standard for this policy, it is the company’s intention to move beyond simple legal compliance where appropriate. This policy exists to enable a working environment in which everyone feels valued and respected in everything that they do. Innovative thinking and different ideas are critical to Sainsbury’s success and their ability to develop new ways of adding value for their customers will be greatly enhanced by the diversity of experiences and perspectives amongst their colleagues. Their ability to attract and retain the highest ability of colleagues from the widest community is essential in sustaining a leadership position. The aim of the company is that all colleagues will be able to work in a diversity environment, where they will be free from discrimination. They are managing their colleagues under the principles of fairness and objectivity, which is integrated into all of the ways. According to Sainsbury’s policy, they will not accept or ignore unfair decisions, practices or requirements that qualify or exclude an individual from meeting essential employment requirements. They include, but are not limited to, a person’s age, race, colour, nationality, ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, religion. The equal of men and women are monitored and action taken where necessary and appropriate to ensure parity. In line with their flexible working policy, they will make it possible for colleagues to achieve a balance between their work and home commitments. They will ensure that the opportunities presented through diversity will be integrated into the development of new products and services that add value for their customers. The performance and effectiveness of Sainsbury’s diversity commitment and demographic colleague make-up of their stores are continuously reviewed and where improvement is identified, action has been taken. Any breaches of this policy have been treated seriously and also dealt with under their disciplinary policy. 1.4 Background/Current situation: As we know, now a day’s diversity is a one of the inclusive concepts and based on valuing everyone as a unique individual and celebrating this difference. The management of diversity is about individuals. The management of diversity goes beyond equal opportunities, instead of simply allowing a greater range of people getting more opportunity. The concept of diversity embodies the belief that people should be valued for their difference and variety. Diversity is supposed to enrich an organizations human capital, whereas equal opportunity focuses on various ethnic groups. As I said before that researcher is working in Sainsbury’s (London Colney) and have seen lots of differences about diversity. There are most of the people from Asian ethnic. But we have some Irish, African, Chinese and British as well. As I work in this store I have found some favour for same ethnic group. And for that other ethnic became sometime very aggressive. And from management level, there is also some gender valuing problem. We have seen lots of female managers rather then males. But other, like they don’t differentiate between ages, disabilities, colours and so on. So far you can say, they follow the procedures and that’s why they are success in business now a days. My research is about how they manage, and do they really follow the diversity policies? So, I intend to demonstrate, how a human resource manager can manage all those area and successfully complete company’s mission with different people. All overall, a self assessment for international human resource managers to evaluate and improve their global management skills. 1.5 Aims/Objectives: The primary aim of the research is therefore: To examine diversity, equality and discrimination issues in a multinational company, in particular, the way of HR managers to manage work with different culture people. The research objectives are: To determine what’s the company policy about diversity to manage work with different culture people and to become a successful global manager, aim to develop a global outlook. To outline the development of approaches to organizational analysis. To explore a multicultural company from the perspectives of diverse social groups. An international human resource manager needs to know the way of managing people in twenty first century. We are going to take an overview of what a manager needs to do in relations to managing people in a changing environment. I will be looking at: Diversity issues. International Human Resource Management policies. Managing people in a practical way. To examine the way of recruiting, and selecting the right people. As a human resource manager, we are likely to manage other people on a one- to-one basis. This involves understanding people as individuals and recognizing their differences as well as drawing up some general principles for managing them like motivates them, job satisfaction, and job design. Having accepted that there is a range of reasons why people behave differently in a work situation and that cannot make wild and generalized assumptions about any individual’s reasons for performing better or worse than average, we will recognize that when we put individuals together into a group, the behavior of that group is likely to be changeable. So it is important that they understand about the behavior of groups. So, all overall I will be going through with literature review to practical experiences to find my research project. Second Chapter Literature Review Everyone is different in age, gender, nationality, and ways of thinking. These differences are a source of strength. The concept of diversity means respect and acceptance. It means understanding each individual is unique and recognizing our individual’s differences. It can be the aspects of race, ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, physical abilities, religious beliefs, political views and so on. It is exploration of these differences in a safe positive and development environment. Diversity is about creating an all-inclusive work environment that values and benefits from different human attributes, experiences, and skills at all levels and enables all employees to develop and contribute to their full potential. It is about understanding each other and moving beyond simple acceptance to implementation and celebrating the rich dimensions of diversity contained within each individual. Diversity and equality has become a key driving force in government policies. The concepts of diversity and equality are common but still there are some differences. Diversity is the acknowledgement and respect of differences within and between groups of people. And equality is the framework that enables access, participation, opportunities and contribution that is fair and inclusive. According to Lew Platt (1993-1995) â€Å"I believe the word â€Å"diverse† includes not only different genders and races, but also different cultures, lifestyle and ways of thinking†. 2.1 Diversity Management at work: The concepts of workplace diversity include the principles of equal employment opportunity. Equal employment opportunity policies address continued disadvantages experienced by particular groups of people in the workplace, including people with disabilities and those who mistreated by co-workers on the basis of race or ethnicity. These policies remain an important foundation for workplace diversity policy. Diversity management involves systematic and planned programs or procedures that are considered to improve interaction among diverse people, especially people of different ethnicities, sexes, or cultures. And to make this diversity, a source of inspiration, complementarities, and greater organizational effectiveness should be provided rather than a source of tension, conflict, miscommunication, or limitation on the effectiveness. 2.2 Diversity Approaches: The issues that diversity representatives focus on vary by country. In some countries, the question of language is important, some countries depends on ethnic group, or may be depend on ages. ‘Managing Diversity’ is a term that entered UK debates on equality approaches in the mid-1990s. While it is becoming increasingly common in the UK, there is still disagreement about its meaning and the extent to which it differs from previous approaches. One of the things which do seem to be distinct is the way these approaches deal with differences between employees. The traditional approach to equal opportunities seeks to treat everyone the same. Managing diversity approaches recognises that employees are different and suggest that workplace can get benefit from those differences. What this means for organizations is that they need to adapt to employee characteristics rather than simply expecting from employees to fit with pre-existing policies. The more fundamental alternative would be to restructure the way work is carried out so that everyone can be flexible for that. Another example would be the approach taken to ensuring that appraisal was carried out in a fair manner. A diversity approach would take a more radical look at what types of behaviour and activity are valued by the organization to see whether these are more commonly practised by members of one group rather than another. Business case arguments for diversity share many elements with equal opportunities approaches but they tend to stress additional arguments. These have included claims that diverse teams are more innovative than ones composed of homogeneous individuals and that non-traditional workers can reflect the needs of a wider customer base. Diversity approaches also place a strong emphasis on creating a culture within which everyone feels they belong and are empowered to reach their full potential. One aspect of this inclusiveness is an attempt to find policies which seem equally relevant to all employees. The second alternative is seen as the more radical approach. It argues that there are multiple sources of difference which are as important as those based on gender or ethnicity. People are not defined by whether they are from European or Asian background but instead vary along a numerous of dimensions including personalities and tastes. This approach to managing diversity is strongly focused on individuals as the objects of equality policy and as such is in line with wider trends to individualise employee relations. 2.3 Managing people: Management is often defining as â€Å"getting things done through people† Michael Armstrong (1998). By definition, managers cannot do everything themselves. They have to rely on other people. Managers are sometimes said to spend their time planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling. In practice, the work of managers is quite fragmented. It depends demand on the situation and on the people concerned than on any academic division of the task into clearly differentiated elements. Managers dealing with people: internally with their bosses, their colleagues and their staff; externally with their customers, suppliers, professional advisers and national and local government officials. A leading writer on management, Henry Mintzberg has suggested that managers have: Interpersonal roles: acting as a leader, providing guidance and motivation and maintaining a web of relationship with many individuals and groups. Informational roles: continually seeking and receiving information as a basis for action, passing on factual information, and transmitting guidance to subordinates in making decision. Resource allocation roles: making choices about scheduling their own time, allocating task to people and authorizing actions. Disturbance handling roles: dealing with involuntary situations and change beyond their control. The human resources of an organization consist of all people who perform its activities. In a sense, all decisions that affect the workforce concern the organization’s HRM function. Human resource management concerns the personnel policies and managerial practices and system that influence the workforce. Regardless of the size-or existence-of a formal HRM or personnel department (many small businesses have no HRM department). So as an example, line managers will spend more than 50% of their time involved in human resource activities such as hiring, evaluating, disciplining and scheduling employees. But the jobs are not done yet. As a manager they need to look after employees’ performance. On the based of performance they need to motivate them, understand them and evaluating them. 2.4 Key concepts for Global Managers: The following concepts contain the underlying message of this article. These concepts have direct relevance to the effectiveness of global managers. An understanding and utilization of these concepts are critical to one’s successful global performance. Global leadership- being competent of operating effectively in a global environment and respectful of cultural diversity. This is an individual who can manage accelerating change and differences. The global leader is open and flexible in approaching others can cope with situations and willing to re-examine and alter personal attitudes and perceptions. Cross cultural communication- recognizing what is involved in one’s image of self and one’s role, values, standards, values, and expectations, which are culturally circumstance. Such a person understands the impact of cultural factors on communication. Most of the people are aware of verbal and non- verbal differences in communication with persons from another culture. Not only does such a person seek to learn another language, but also they are aware that, even when people speak the same language, cultural differences can alter communication symbols and meanings and result in misunderstanding. Cultural sensitivity- a person understands the cultural influences on behaviour. This individual behaviour translates such cultural awareness into effective relationships with those who are different. Acculturation- effectively adjusting and adapting to a specific culture, whether that be a subculture within one’s own country or abroad. Such a person knows the impact of culture shock in successfully managing transitions. Therefore, when dealing with employees from diverse cultural backgrounds, this person develops the necessary skills and avoids being ethnocentric. Cultural influences on management- understanding that management philosophies are deeply rooted in culture and that management practices developed in one culture may not easily transfer to another. Effective intercultural performance- applying cultural theory and policies to specific cross-cultural situations that affect people’s performance on jobs. Changing international business- coping with interdependence of business activity throughout the world as well as the subculture of the managerial group. The global manager appreciates the effect of cultural differences on standard business practices and principles, such as organisational loyalty. Cultural synergy- building on the very differences in the world’s people for mutual growth and accomplishment by co-operation. Cultural synergy through collaboration emphasizes similarities and common concerns and integrates differences to enrich human activities and systems. Work culture- applying the general characteristics of culture that how people work at a point in time and place. In the macro sense, work can be analysed in terms of human stages of development. In the micro sense, work culture can be studied in terms of specific industries, organizations or professional groups. Global culture- understanding that, while various characteristics of human culture have always been universal, a unique global culture with some common characteristics might be emerging. Global managers are alert to serving this commonality in human needs and markets with strategies that are transnational. 2.5 Construct area of diversity: Diversity is â€Å"the representation, in one social system, of people with distinctly different group affiliations of cultural significance† Cox (1993). Deresky (1994) also highlighted that, the differences between group members illustrated in terms of the extent such as culture, age, race, sexual orientations, gender and ethnic. There are three characteristics of construct area of diversity, which are classified employees differences. These are Demographic, organisational and socio-cognitive diversity. Demographic diversity: According to Jackson et al (1995), diversity such as ethnicity, age, nationality and gender those are considered visible attributes that can be easily characterised in particular individuals. Organisational diversity: The second category is organisational diversity. It may include: a) Staff job security in the firm. b) Work or professional experience. c) Occupation, functional or job portfolios of the employees such as marketing, production, and finance. Socio-cognitive diversity: The last category is socio-cognitive diversity, which includes cultural and religious values, knowledge level, beliefs and personalities characteristics. By establishing and organising the staff according to their distinctive attributes, it will facilitate business managers to have a more objective understanding and appreciation of their diverse staff’s behaviours, attitudes and values, given the implications for interpersonal and organisational processes and outcomes when staff members work together. As peoples values and beliefs vary individually as a result of their socio-cultural differences, this will affect organisational processes and configurations. For examples:- cross-cultural communication, management-subordinate relationships, international team management, leadership and decision-making styles, staff motivations, staff recruitment, selections and development, and other managerial functions. Apart from the jobs, employees also have differences based on their position within society. Whether an employee a man or women, from a particular ethnic group, is of a particular sexual orientations, has a disability may affect what they want from employment and what are able to offer. Some of these differences may also affect people’s access to jobs and their progress within organisations. 2.6 Discrepancies between academic research and HRM practice: While HRM executives and managers are more educated and professional than in the days when they were in charge of personnel, the level of knowledge in practicing HRM in another part. Many companies hire MBAs for HRM jobs when not even a single HRM course is required in the typical curriculum for an MBA. Recruitment: As an Academic research finding, quantitative analysis of recruitment sources using yield ratios can facilitate in recruitment. On the other hand HRM practices, less than 10% calculate yield ratios and less than 25% know how. Staffing: According to academic research findings, realistic job previews can reduce turnover and weighted application blanks reduce turnover. Alternatively, HRM practices, less than 20% of companies use RJPs in high-turnover jobs and less than 30%. Performance appraisal: According to academic research findings, do not use traits on rating forms, make appraisal process important element of manager’s job. On the other hand, more than 70% still use traits, less than 35% of managers are evaluated on performance appraisal. 2.7 International HRM: Domestic HRM is involved with employees within only one national boundary. And we define the field of IHRM broadly to cover all issues related to the management of people in an international context. Hence our definition of IHRM covers a wide range of human resource issues facings MNCs in different parts of their organisations. Additionally, we include comparative analyzes of HRM in different countries. The complexity of international HR can be attributed to six factors: More HR activities. The need for a broader perspective. More involvement in employee’s personal lives. Changes in emphasis as the workplace mix of expatriates and a local varies. Risk exposure. Broader external influences. In addition to complexity, there are four other variables that moderate differences between domestic and international HRM. These four additional moderators are: The cultural environment. The industry with which the multinational is primarily involved. The extent of reliance of the multinational on its home-country domestic market. The attitudes of senior management. 2.8 International HR policy: In spite of the corporate business strategy unique to each company that they will drive the specifies of an international human resource policy, there are certain objectives that any effective IHR policy should aim to accomplish. And these objectives are: The policy should attract and motivate employees to accept international assignment. It should provide competitive pay plans to ensure the assignee can maintain his or her accustomed lifestyle. It should promote career succession planning and include guideline on repatriation and additional overseas assignment. It should facilitate relocation between home and host location. And finally, it should be cost-effective, understanding and easy to administer. To meet these objectives, we must have internal and external programs functioning to handle the following six areas. In addition to the required technical and business skills, key traits to consider include: cultural sensitivity, interpersonal skills, and flexibility. Document and formally communicate the assignee’s specific job requirements and associated pay in an assignment letter. Identify the compensation, benefits and tax approach that meets company objectives. Some common approaches to pay include: home balance sheet, destination-based, net-to-net, flexible. Assist the assignee with disposition or management of home and automobiles, shipment and storage of household goods, work permits and pre-assignment visits. Provide cultural orientation, language training, spousal support, education assistance, home leave, and emergency provisions. As the average cost of sending an expert on an overseas assignment is between three and five times the employee’s pre-departure salary, quantifying total costs for a global assignment is essential in the budgeting process. 2.9 Integrated HR systems to develop global leaders: Companies with global human resource information systems are likely to be far better positioned to succeed in the highly competitive international market. Multinational companies often discover that, especially in newly emerging markets, local management talent is rarely available to establish and build operations. Consequently, many companies conclude that the only way to start doing business in these markets is to relocate experienced managers from around the globe. Companies doing work in the international marketplace have discovered that providing pre-departure screening and orientation is essential to achieving the highest rates of success. A human resource information system might include data on the potential training needs and past technical and cross-cultural experiences. Having such data would enhance the probability not only of selecting the best candidates, but also chances for success on the assignment, as a result having a great impact on the future development of global leaders. Because most multinational companies now require international experience in order to move up the corporate hierarchy, tracking information related to international assignment can make a important contribution to management development. 2.10 Diversity in multinational companies: The rise of multinational companies and increased global diversification by even small companies has resulted in people of diverse background and cultures working together in the same office or for the same organization. Conflict in such situations is expected, but understanding the diversity issues can help to minimize the conflict and take benefits from diversity group of people brings to an organisations. To understanding how diversity is manage in multinational organizations, try to understand the concept of corporate culture, which defines organisational diversity programs and their use to minimize conflict among employees. Companies and countries can no longer operate as if the rest of the world did not exit. New trading blocs, based on regional, not national, interests have formed with the European Economic Community and the North America Free Trade Agreement. There will be increased pressure influenced by the country culture. For examples, some corporate cultures may encourage women and men gathering together socially after work while country culture would prohibit this. A female executive from the USA might well have difficulty adapting to the rituals of her own company in a foreign country, particularly when the country culture differs greatly from the American cultures. In the case of working mothers, it is usually the woman who is responsible for picking children up from childcare (Deal Kennedy, (1982, p. 80). 2.11 Understanding crosses cultural communication: Some cultures communicate most readily via written messages, while others prefer talking. To relate successfully, understand what communication is, how it works, and how to tailor it to the cultural context into which it will be received. When we â€Å"deliver† a message. We assume that we have â€Å"communicated†. But it is often the case that what has been said is not the same as what has been heard. Although the communication may feel in control, it is the receiver who determines whether communication takes place. The outcome of successful communication is agreement about meaning. This can be difficult to achieve in cross-cultural communication where some degree of misunderstanding is expected. In relationship-focused cultures, such as those in Asia, words only convey a small part of the message; the l

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Types, Causes and Treatments

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Types, Causes and Treatments The digestive system plays a huge role in the survival in all living animals and our digestive system, through a series of physical and chemical changes, breaks down the food we eat into molecules that are absorbed and used by the cells in our bodies. Like many things in life, we often take advantage of the systems in our body and do not take proper care of our bodies. We only seem to pay attention to them when something is going wrong. Inflammatory bowel disease, also known as IBD, is one of many common diseases that affect hundreds of thousands of people in North America every year. Inflammatory bowel disease is not a disease in itself; rather it is a name for a group of similar disorders. The two main types of inflammatory bowel disease are known as Crohns disease and Ulcerative colitis. Both disorders cause parts of the digestive tract (most commonly the large or small intestines) to become inflamed. This paper will outline some details about inflammatory bowel disease including its causes, diagnoses treatment, life style changes made when diagnosed, and some other issues. Causes of IBD Doctors and scientists have been researching the cause, but they are still not certain as to what exactly causes them. It is believed that the inflammation caused by IBD is contributed to by three main factors. These factors are the genes one inherits, ones immune system, and a foreign substance (an antigen) in the environment. It is believed that this foreign substance is either directly causing the inflammation or the antigen triggers the bodys immune system. Once the immune system is triggered it begins to produce inflammation as an attempt to destroy the antigen, but in cases of IBD inflammation can not be controlled. Though the patients immune system begins to defend the body, it does not know how to properly stop at the correct time which may cause extreme damages to the digestive tract due to inflammation and eventually will cause ulcers (sores) 1. Other causes of IBD have to do with ones genetic make up. It is believed that IBD can be linked to ones race, family history and genes. IBD can affect some ethnic groups more than others. IBD was first believed to only affect Caucasians but recent reports have changed that view. There is a rate of 149/100,000 Caucasians that are infected in America, but Jews of European descent living in North America are 4-5 times more likely to contract the disease than people of other ethnicities2. There are also reports of higher cases of IBD in those of African descent, but there are lower infection rates in Asians and Hispanics. Studies also show that 10-20% of people who are affected by IBD will have a family history of having the disease. This means that greatest possible risk to contracting IBD is if someone in your family has been diagnosed with it before. Those who have family members who have been affected are 10 times more likely to be infected and if the infected relative is a brother o r sister, chances of getting IBD increases 30 fold3. Scientists also have come to believe that the NOD2 gene may be linked with IBD Symptoms Inflammatory bowel disease is not curable and will affect patients sporadically through out their lives. Symptoms vary from person to person when it comes to IBD and will flare up and die down at different times in a patients life. The most common symptoms are diarrhea, cramps and rectal bleeding. IBD can also affect ones joints, eyes, and skin and some children who suffer from Crohns may experience delayed growth and sexual development. IBD is a disease that will affect a patient for many years and symptoms will come and go, sometimes more severe than other times. Along with typical symptoms patients may feel other complications as well. Common complications in patients of IBD include intestinal blockages caused by swelling. The blockage will lead to narrower intestinal passages and thicker bowel walls. Medication can be used to remove these blockages, but if they are serious they may need surgery. Nutrional deficiencies may also be a complication often occurring in those who have b een diagnosed with IBD for a very long time. Their bodies will have troubles with absorbing proteins and vitamins, which may lead to a deficiency. Vitamin supplements may be needed in these cases. Sores and ulcers are also a common complication. The ulcers may cause a fistula (a hole that leads from one loop of the intestine to another) to develop. These holes may lead to the bladder, vagina or skin and may become infected. If small enough, fistulas may be treated with drugs, but if serious enough surgery may be required.5 Chrons Disease There are 5 main types of Crohns disease based on the general area that is being affected. The complications and symptoms of Crohns are different depending on what area of the intestines are inflamed. Ileocolitis: This is the most common form of Crohns disease that affects the ileum. The symptoms that come with ileocolitis include pain in middle of the abdomen, cramping, and diarrhea. Ileocolitis can also cause weight loss. Ileitis: This form of Crohns only affects the ileum, but results in the same symptoms as ileocolitis. Gastroduodenal Crohns disease: Occurs in the stomach the duodenum. Symptoms may include loss of appetite, nausea, and weight loss Jejunoilletis: Jejunoiletis causes patchy areas of inflammation in the jejunum. Symptoms include cramps following meals, diarrhea and include pain in the abdominal region that ranges from mild to severe. Crohns colitis: This form of Crohns only affects the colon and causes diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and other diseases around the anus including ulcers.6 Ulcerative Colitis There are also many form of ulcerative colitis, but they have almost the exact same symptom as some forms of Crohns disease. Ulcerative Procitis: The inflammation in located in the rectum and in mild cases, rectal bleeding may be the only symptom. In more serious cases one may feel sudden urges to go to the bathroom and tenesumus which is a term describing painful and ineffective bowel movements. Proctosigmoiditis: Inflammation is located in the rectum and the last section of the colon (sigmoid colon). The symptoms are the same of those that come with ulcerative procitis. Left-sided Colitis: Inflamation in the left side of the colon (rectum, sigmoid colon, and descending colon). Also called limited or distal colitis. The symptoms caused by left-sided colitis are pain on the left side of the abdomen, weightloss and diarreah.7 Diagnosis According to the Crohns Colitis Foundation of Canada by fall of 2008, about 200 000 Canadian8 and according to the Crohns Colitis Foundation of America about 1.4 million Americans9 have been diagnosed with IBD. IBD tends to infect those who are between the ages 15-35 years of age, but is not limited to those few. It can also occur in younger children and people as old as 70. A staggering 10% of those who are affected by IBD are under the age of 18. Because of the high rate of IBD it is important to have the disease properly diagnosed. Inflammatory bowel diseases symptoms are very similar to many other diseases so doctors must be careful when diagnosing the disease and it may take a long time. Some common tests to diagnose IBD include endoscopies examining the colon, the sigmoid colon, esophagus, or the liver and pancreatic duct. Different types of radiology test can be used as well including x-rays, CT scans, MRI, white blood cell scans, and ultrasounds. Sometimes a small piece of tissue from the infected area may be cut out for closer analysis. This can further help doctors diagnose IBD.10 Treatment As of now, there isnt any known cure for IBD. Once a patient is diagnosed IBD it is important to properly treat the disorder in order to keep ones symptoms in check. The most common form of treatment is the usage of medication. There are many types of drugs used to treat patients with IBD. Aminosalicylates are one type of drug used that are meant to subside inflammation caused by IBD and is usually used to treat mild symptoms. Asacol, ® Colazal,. ® Dipentum, ® orPentasa, ® are all examples of aminosalicylates. Corticosteroids, the second type of drug which is usually used in moderate to severe cases, are given to patients to suppress ones immune system. Prednisone and methylprednisolone are the types of corticosteroids and they can be dangerous because they may cause some long-term side effects. The third type of drug used to treat IBD are immune modifiers. These are used to heal fistulas in the intestinal tract and to help reduce ones dosage of corticosteroids. Azathioprine (Imuran ®), 6-MP (Purinethol ®), and methotrexateImmune modifiers are some examples of this. Just like many other diseases IBD can also be treated with the use of Antibiotics. Antibiotics like metronidazole, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin, are just a few of the types that can be used. Also biological therapies can be used to treat IBD. There are many types and each serves a different purpose. For example Inflixmiab (Remicade ®) is a drug made of 75 percent human, 25 percent mouse protein and is an antibody. This antibodies function is to block ones immune system. This blockage stops the immune system from making a chemical called tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a chemical that is made by the bodys immune system to intensify inflammation within the body. By stopping the immune system from making TNF-alpha, inflammation caused by IBD can be prevented.11 Eventually medicine will not be enough to control the symptoms of IBD. 66%-75% of people diagnosed with Crohns will eventually need surgery in their lives. Surgery may be needed to repair a fistula, clear blockage in the intestines, or to remove a section of the intestines. In cases of IBD, surgerys main function is to try and keep as much as the bowels intact and helps patients live a high quality life.12 Societal issues and Life Style Changes Along with proper medication certain lifestyle changes can be made in order to reduce ones symptoms and improve overall health. Special care should be taken to make sure one is receiving a healthy diet. Often those who are diagnosed with IBD have a loss of appetite because of nausea which may lead to an improper amount of food intake. The disease also increases the amount of calories needed by the body. Also IBD causes diarrhea and is linked to problems with absorption of protein, fat, carbohydrates and water. All of these take away essential nutrients from the body and proper nutrition can help return those nutrients to the body. Also when experiencing some of the symptoms of IBD one should avoid eating any high-fiber and spicy foods because they may cause even more discomfort.13 Inflammatory bowel disease is very common among people in North America and because of this people may feel emotionally stressed when they find out they are diagnosed with IBD. This is a major societal issue because of how common IBD is. People may struggle to cope with the chronic pain accompanied with IBD. It will begin to really affect ones quality of life. Ones physical and emotional well being, self-esteem, and ability to function in social groups may be affected. Patients who are diagnosed with IBD should try to receive emotional support from their families and doctors. Though psychiatric help is not mandatory it may also be a good idea to talk to a therapist. Stress plays a role in IBD. One should try reducing stress to help avoid a flare in their symptoms. Regular Exercise, yoga, and listening to music are just a few ways to relieve stress.14 Environmental Issues Researches do not know why, but IBD is more common in areas that are more developed. Cases of IBD are usually found in the U.S. and Europe. IBD is more common in northern climate and in urban areas, rather than southern climates and rural areas.15 Societal Issues As previously stated Crohns and Ulcerative Colitis do not have a known cure and are a life long disease. IBD is treated with numerous types of medications and surgery. The problem with this is that those who are uninsured and are diagnosed with IBD must pay thousands of dollars over the courses of their life in order to pay for medicine and surgery. In fact reports from the market research firm GlobalData states that in 2008 $1.4 billion in revenue was made from sales of medication related to Crohns That number is expected to go up to $2.1 billion by 2015.16 Ethical Issues There have been cases where people with Crohns have received stem-cell transplantation. One boy was diagnosed with Crohns disease when he was 13 and had received regular treatment for Crohns. He eventually developed non-Hodgkins lymphoma when he was 20 and received a stem cell transplantation to fight the lymphoma.. He did not receive the stem cell for his Crohns, but for 7 years after the transplantation he did not have any symptoms for Crohns17.This raises a question whether or not stem cell research should be used to treat IBD. Stem cell research has raised many debates on how ethical it is. There have been many debates whether or not stem cell research should be allowed or not. Conclusion There currently is not a cure for IBD, but those who have been diagnosed should be aware of symptoms, causes, and the all the possible things they can do to improve their lives. Research is being done and scientists have been working hard to try and improve treatment for IBD and eventually find the cure. People who have been diagnosed will face some challenges, but they should go on to live long healthy and happy lives.

The Classification and Hierarchy of Values Essay -- Philosophy

The Classification and Hierarchy of Values ABSTRACT: I attempt to look into the issue of the ranks of values comprehensively and progressively. Anti-values can be classified into the following six categories by ascending order: (1) the act of destroying the earth-of annihilating humankind and all other living organisms; (2) the act of mass killing of people by initiating a war or committing treason; (3) the act of murdering or causing death to a human being; (4) the act of damaging the body of a human being; (5) the act of greatly harming society; (6) all other crimes not covered by the above. Higher values can be classified into the following five categories in descending rank: (1) absolute values such as absolute truth, absolute goodness, absolute beauty and absolute holiness; (2) the act of contributing to the development and happiness of humankind; (3) the act of contributing to the nation or the state; (4) the act of contributing to the regional society; (5) the act of cultivating oneself and managing one's family well. Generally, people tend to pursue happiness more eagerly than goodness, but because goodness is the higher value than happiness, we ought to pursue goodness more eagerly. In helping people to get the right sense of values and to internalize it, education and enlightenment of citizens based on the guidance of conscience rather than compulsion will be highly effective. 1. Classification of Values I will discuss what kinds of values exist, before talking about their hierarchy. Walter Goodnow Everett classified values into the following eight categories; (1) economic values, (2) bodily values, (3) value of recreation, (4) value of association, (5) character values, (6) aesthetic values, (7) intellectual... ...other crimes not covered by the above. Then, the higher values can be classified into the following five categories by the ranks from the highest one ; (1) absolute values such as absolute truth, absolute goodness, absolute beauty, and absolute holiness, (2) the act of contributing to the development and happiness of the mankind, (3) the act of contributing to the nation or the state, (4) the act of contributing to the regional society, (5) the act of cultivating oneself and managing the family well. Generally speaking, people tend to pursue happiness more eagerly than goodness, but because goodness is the higher value than happiness, we ought to pursue goodness more eagerly. In helping people to get the right sense of values and internalize it, education and enlightenment of citizens based on the guidance of conscience rather than compulsion will be highly effective.

Reasons to Learn CPR Essay -- essays research papers

Have you ever thought about what you would do if a family member suddenly stopped breathing? Imagine that you grow up in a small town, the population is 700 people, and one morning you wake up and everyone in the town is dead. On any given day 670 people die of sudden cardiac arrest. Could it be a loved one, someone you care deeply for, or just a complete stranger? The chances are that someone in your family is going to die of sudden cardiac arrest in your lifetime. On average it takes an ambulance no less than seven minutes to reach someone in need, therefore, every adult should know how to administer CPR. Brain death starts to occur four to six minutes after someone is attacked with cardiac arrest, so you should immediately begin with assessing the victim?s airway. You should start out by shaking and shouting at the victim to check his or her level of responsiveness. If the patient does not respond, you should then call 9-1-1. After placing the call, bare the victim?s chest of all clothing and open his or her airway. To open to victim?s airway, you should use the head-ti...

The Result of Sin Essay -- Literary Analysis, The Scarlet Letter.

Sin is the â€Å"wrongful conduct of a moral code selected by either society or the transgressor.† Sin is one of the main themes in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter. The Puritan society that Hester Prynne resides in does not accept people who deny to follow the moral code of the town. Throughout the novel three main characters are involved with the act of sin, Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth. Adultery by definition is voluntary having sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than his or her lawful spouse. It is part of the ten commandments and a law that the Puritan village frowns upon. During the Puritan time period, crimes for adultery ended in execution. However Hester is only forced into wearing the scarlet letter due to the unknown information of who her husband and her lover were. Through adultery Hester Prynne and her daughter are forced to reside to the outskirts of town and be neglected by the rest of society. Hester is forced to wear the scarlet letter embroidered to her chest. This is to symbolize the adultery she has committed. "It [has] the effect of a spell, taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity and enclosing her in a sphere by herself " (Hawthorne 49). This spell, the scarlet letter is "so fantastically embroidered and illuminated upon her bosom" (Hawthorne 49). The scarlet letter is what separates Hester from the rest of society because it symbolizes her sin. To make up for her sin Hester â€Å"bestowed all her superfluous means in charity, on wretches less miserable than herself†. (Hawthorne 76) However, although Hester tries her best to contribute to the less fortunate than even herself citizens continue to â€Å"[insult] the hand that [feeds] them†... ...t that out of the three characters Roger Chillingworth has the darkest conscience. This is apparent considering he feels no remorse or guilt from the people he is hurting. It is obvious that Roger does not think of the impact of his actions and does things for self gratification. There are many moral lessons demonstrated in the novel The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne is able to get the point across that it is better to confess your sins rather than hide them. It may ruin ones reputation, or destroy a career, but it is better for yourself than to live in guilt forever. This is proven significantly through Hester Prynne at the end of the novel. Hester is able to overcome her sin and learn from her mistakes. She is discovered to be a woman who helps others and eventually regains the respect of the town. She is eventually is finally accepted by herself, society, and God.

Planning a Lesson Module 1

Course:Teaching Assistant Level1 Q1. Give examples of how you would plan activities. Under the direction of the teacher, you will discuss and fully understand your role within the teacher’s lesson plan. The teacher will have previously completed long and medium term plans for the class. The class teacher’s short terms plan for the week can be broken down into daily plans. These will give you an idea of the number of children involved in the learning objective, previous learning, environment, resources available and a time scales.Which individuals or groups of children are to work on tasks at a particular time, taking into account individual needs and interests, grouping together children with similar abilities so that they are working towards the same targets, and give an indication of whether they are to be supported by an adult. This is a great opportunity for you the TA to get involved with the weekly plan and to contribute your own ideas to the planning session. â⠂¬ ¢You are aware in advance of what you are required to do. There are clear roles and responsibilities for you working together with the teacher to support the pupils. †¢The work you are covering fits in with the activities and topics which have been planned for the term. †¢You are aware of where, when, what and who you will be working with. †¢The objectives of the learning activity. †¢The type and level of support the pupils may need. The above established you can start preparing and organising for the learning activity: †¢Where the learning activity is being taken place: is there sufficient space for the learning activity. What resources may be needed: are the resources readily available and accessible, do you need to bring in furniture or equipment for implementing the learning activities. †¢Who you will be supporting: individuals, groups or perhaps a SEN pupil, in the event of a SEN pupil, you may want to gather further information on the pupil for example you should be aware of the IEP’s and PSP’s Q2. Describe your role in delivering learning activities Know and understand the objectives of the learning activities and strategies for supporting pupils and ensure you share the same goals as the teacher.Example of an Individual Lesson plan for Geography Learning Objective: For pupils to be familiar with and understand the water cycle. Introduction: Find out what the children know about the water cycle. Class discuss to see how much they can remember about water from the previous lesson. Main part of lesson: Children to work in groups: Group 1: Work with teacher, using the internet and reference books to see what they can find out. Group 2: Work with TA using artwork and models to explain what happens. Group 3: Work independently to explain the water cycle, in their own words and diagrams.Conclusion: Children to discuss what they have found out and give examples. As a TA you would: †¢Prepare the learning envir onment to meet the needs of all the pupils. †¢Provide appropriate learning activities for the individual or group, selecting the appropriate learning materials required. †¢Maintaining pupil safety at all times. †¢Interacting with the pupils, using praise and encouragement. †¢Observe the pupils responses. Assist the teacher in the implementation of set tasks, e. g. setting up and clearing the classroom before and after activities.Assist in the production of teaching aids and preparation of work for the pupils as required, charts, displays, worksheets, etc. Provide general classroom help. Making accurate and detailed records of what has been planned and delivered. Take a pro-active role and use initiative within the classroom. Q3. Make a list of the things expected from you as part of your role in supporting an individual pupil or group of pupils. Adapt activities that will encourage independent learning and provide challenges. Ensure the pupils understand and foll ow the teacher’s instructions.Help the pupils to use equipment and resources that is relevant to the learning activity. Supporting the pupils in enabling them to gain independence and participate fully in the curriculum. Challenge the pupils thinking and observe individual pupils progress and achievements. Provide focused support to help pupils move to the next level of learning. Be adaptable, have empathy but also follow the school’s positive discipline guidelines. Give the pupils choices and praise. Q4. Think about your role and responsibilities as a teaching assistant.List examples of your own general and specific tasks. 1. Supervise individuals / groups of pupils during specified learning activities, as directed by the class teacher. 2. Assist in preparing and maintaining an effective learning environment for pupils. 3. Getting the classroom ready for lessons. 4. Listen to children read and reading to them. 5. Helping children who need extra support to complete tas ks. 6. Taking care of children who are upset or have had accidents. 7. Clearing away materials and equipment after lessons. 8. Helping with outings and sports events. . Assist in the implementation of Individual Education Programmes for students and help monitor their progress. 10. Provide support for individual students inside and outside the classroom to enable them to fully participate in activities. 11. Assist class teachers with maintaining student records. 12. Prepare and present displays of student's work. 13. Support class teachers in photocopying and other tasks in order to support teaching. Q5. Briefly describe the role of the teaching assistant in relation to the teacher. Teachers Role:The teacher is responsible for planning and delivering of the National / Early Years Curriculum. To teach pupils to their educational needs. Assess record and report development. They are also responsible for all adults within the learning environment. Communicate and consult with parents. Teaching Assistant: Plan and prepare work alongside the teacher Support learning activities effectively, as directed by the teacher. Assess / evaluate pupil’s work, as directed by the teacher. Report any problems / queries to the teacher Give feedback to the teacher following planned activities. Q6.Briefly outline the role and responsibilities of: Head Teacher, Deputy Head Teacher, SENCO, Key stage co-ordinators, subject co-ordinators, class teacher. The Head Teacher: The role of the Head Teacher is to manage all aspects of the school and all of those within it, as well as making sure the curriculum are being effectively taught and managed. The Head is answerable to parents, Ofsted and the local authority for the smooth running of the school. The Deputy Head: Works closely with the Head, when the Head Teacher is absent from the school, the Deputy is responsible for its management.The Deputy will usually work as a Teacher; however he will still be responsible for running the d ay to day arrangements such as supply staff or training courses. He will liaise with the Head on a daily basis concerning the day’s priorities. SENCO: Is responsible for the managing of children with special needs throughout the school. Keeping records on all these children as well as being responsible for the management of individual support assistants in the school. SENCO are the line of contact for any outside agency, i. e. Speech and Language, Educational Psychologist.Key Stage Co-ordinators: Employed to lead and manage either Key Stage 1 or 2. They usually also have a class teaching commitment Subject Key Stage Co-ordinators:Responsible for the leadership and management of a particular curriculum subject. Class teachers may be expected to accept responsibility for an area of the curriculum as part of their normal professional duties The Teacher / Subject teacher: Plan, prepare and deliver lessons to meet the needs of all pupils, setting and marking work and recording pup il development as necessary.Includes advanced skills teachers and supply teachers. Often work in partnership with teaching assistants Q7. Give examples of how to promote independent learning, e. g. using ICT skills. Give positive encouragement and praise – this gives a pupil a feeling of achievement and the desire to continue with the learning activity. Listen – let the pupil see that you are listening to what they are saying, that you are taking notice of their contributions, this will build confident in their own abilities. Motivate – Give them positive experiences which are interesting and can be made real for them.Resources – Ensure that the relevant resources are available to them so they don’t need to ask for help, make things available and accessible. Repetition:Reminding a pupil what the teacher has said and encouraging them to think about what they are doing, without giving them the answer. Instruction:Following steps to complete a task, a sking them simple questions, â€Å"Do you think this is the best way to do it† or â€Å"Why do you think this is the best way†. Facilitating:Giving the pupils the tools to carry out a task and discover the outcome, again encourage the child to talk you through what they are doing and why.ICT: Encourage the children to access, enter, save and retrieve information independently, to research and interpret information to support work in other subjects. Encourage them to write themselves reminders for accessing different programmes. Q8. What strategies can be used to support pupils learning activities? Create a positive learning environment. Adapt learning activities to support each individuals needs. Encourage independent learning. Prompt shy or reticent pupils. Ask open-ended questions to encourage their participation, also to see their understanding of the subject.Look for and note any common problems that the pupils have or mistakes made, this will enable the teacher to address these at a future learning activity. Give pupils choices and only give further assistance if required. Check pupils work and encourage them to correct their own mistakes Translate or explain information used by the teacher, i. e. words / phrases. Organise and participate in appropriate play activities or games. Ensure that all pupils behave and concentrate Listen, respect and value the pupils. Gain the pupils trust and confidence.

Frankenstein, Blade Runner Context Essay

Good morning/ afternoon miss, today I will be speaking about the themes of two texts and the context in which they were written. The two texts ‘Frankenstein’ and ‘Blade Runner’ both embody themes of science, creation and nature that are reflected in the author’s life and what was happening in the world around them. By examining Mary Shelley’s life we can see many of the key themes of her time reflected in Frankenstein. The novel Frankenstein was written in 1818 and follows the story of a scientist, Victor Frankenstein and his quest for creating life. However his experiment goes wrong as his creature goes on a rampage after he has been rejected. One theme from this novel that is part of Shelley’s life is the natural world. The theme of the sublime natural world was embraced by Romanticists such as Mary Shelley who, in their writing, glorify the natural environment. By showing nature as a powerful force it gives an idea that nature is a great and controlling force, somewhat god like. Victor, depressed after the deaths of William and Justine for which he feels responsible for, heads to the mountains. A cold†¦ breeze†¦ upon my cheeks †¦ fills me with delight† is a shortened quote from Victor which expresses his feelings towards nature as a joyous one. The influence of nature on mood is evident throughout the novel and just like Victor feeling happy in the embrace of nature; the monster also feels his heart lighten as spring arrives after a being abandoned in the cold winter. â€Å"The weather became fine and the skies cloudless†. Contrasting to Frankenstein that explores the beauty of nature, Blade runner explores how when the natural environment fades the consequences for both humans and the planet are terrible. Blade Runner is a film directed by Riddley Scott in 1982 and follows the story of a blade runner named Deckard as he sets out on destroying artificial humans known as replicants. In the 1980s many Americans, including Scott feared their country was in a great decline and depression of the war and industrialization. These somber themes are evident within the film. At the beginning of the film we see a montage of manmade buildings and structures that overwhelm the landscape as there are no natural elements. Symbolism is very important in this opening scene as we also see setting in the background, the sun. The sun setting symbolizes the end of the earth and that humans are entering into the dark. Rain in many parts of this film and is used as a visual metaphor to suggest that nature is crying for its destruction by humanity. The effect of this impression is that when nature dies everything will mourn. The setting of this post apocalyptic film is not the only thing that has been urbanised. Many animals have been created artificially. When Deckard first goes to Tyrell he is shown an artificial owl, to which he responds â€Å"must be expensive†. The repetition of animals being artificial and expensive highlights that nothing natural remains and that nature has been taken over by commerce. Scott uses the animals as a symbol to represent how artificial the world has become. Another theme that is evident in both Frankenstein and Blade Runner is science and creation. Frankenstein was written in a period of technological advancement where science was just beginning to take shape and the thought of recreating life was evident. An event in Shelley’s life that impacted her was the work of Luigi Galvani who discovered that the muscles of dead frog’s legs twitched when struck by a electricity. This advancement leads Shelley to critique the ideals of science contrasting to the value of nature. Shelley is clear on her feelings about the use and abuse of technology. The reanimation of a man from the dead can be useful so we can always be with loved ones, but what responsibility should we take once we bring people back from the dead? How far can we go in raising the dead without destroying the living? Shelley seems to portray the idea that man cannot handle becoming like God without difficulty. Victor Frankenstein learns all he can about the field of science, both before, during, and after his work at the university and is continuously obsessed with creating life. The effect of uses a character obsessed with creating life, then later rejecting it further shows how Shelley feels about miss using technology. Similarly to Frankenstein, Blade Runner also questions the values of science and creation. Scott created his film when industrialization and when technology is rapidly becoming part of everyday life. As the creator of the replicants, Tyrell simply creates the androids for money and power then immediately outcasts them. Scott makes the company of Tyrell seem very dark and large to emphasize his power within the city. Both Mary Shelley and Riddley Scott draw inspiration from the events and other themes that are impacting their life, whether it is nature, the advancement of technology or creation issues at the time of writing.