Tay Sachs Research Paper Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Tay Sachs Research Paper Essay, Research Paper Introduction There are many familial diseases in the universe. All familial diseases are inherited from one # 8217 ; s parents. Through Gregor Mendel # 8217 ; s surveies of genetic sciences, it is possible for people to find whether or non an person will inherit a familial disease. All familial upsets are recessionary traits ( Campbell ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Tay Sachs Research Paper Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We have learned that if a parent has a familial disease and the other parent does non hold a familial disease, all of their kids will be bearers, or have the trait, of the disease. If both parents are bearers of a familial disease, one out of the four kids will acquire the disease. Some of the most common familial upsets today are sickle cell anaemia, muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, haemophilia, and Tay-Sachs disease. Most of the diseases normally is prevailing in a race of people or in gender ( Campbell ) . Today through modern engineering, we are able to observe whether a kid will hold a familial disease through the methods of amniocentesis and chorionic Villa sample ( Campbell ) . One of the familial upsets that doesn # 8217 ; t have a batch of attending is Tay-Sachs disease. Tay-Sachs can be really deadly. Discussion What is Tay-Sachs Disease? Tay-Sachs Disease is a birth defect caused by a dysfunctional enzyme that fails to breakdown group of encephalon lipoids, or fat ( Campbell ) . The cause of the dysfunctional enzyme is caused by a lack of an enzyme called Hexosominidase A, or Hex A which is suppose to interrupt down fatty substances in the nervus cells of the encephalon. When the lipoids, or fats, builds up in the encephalons nerve cells, it leads to a slow devolution of the cells of the nervous system, therefore conveying decay of the cerebellum. This impairment can be view on Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) ( webknx.com ) . The fatty substance that Hex A does non interrupt down is called ganglioside GM2. Ganglioside GM2 accumulates on the encephalon cells and can non be broken down. Gangliosides are made and bio-degraded rapidly in the early development of the encephalon ( www.ninds.nih ) . When Hex A activity is deficient, accretion of ganglioside GM2 in the nerve cells affects the operation of the nervous syst em. How is Tay-Sachs Transmitted? Tay-Sachs disease, unlike other diseases, is transmitted by a individual # 8217 ; s familial brand up. Tay- Sachs can merely be transmitted if a individual has both recessionary allelomorphs for the trait ( Campbell ) . In order for a kid to acquire Tay-Sachs his or her parents must be bearers of the Tay-Sachs cistron. Tay-Sachs bearers are non afflicted with Tay-Sachs. They can populate normal and heathy lives ( www.noah ) . If at least one parent is a bearer of the disease, two out of four off the progeny will be a bearer of the disease. If both parents are bearers of the disease, one out of four kids will non be a bearer, two out of four of the kids will be a bearers of the disease, and on out of four of the kids will really hold the Tay-Sachs disease ( www.webknx ) . Figure 1 ( www.mrcr2 ) is a tabular array that shows how two carries for Tay-Sachs disease can go through either Tay-Sachs trait or Tay-Sachs Disease to their kids. Figure 1 Who Gets Tay-Sachs Disease? Tay-Sachs Disease is common among people of Eastern Europeans ( Ashkenazi ) Jewish decent, Cajun, and French-Canadian decent ( www.noah ) . Although some people of French-Canadian and Cajun ancestry acquire Tay-Sachs, the disease is preponderantly found among Ashkenazi Jews. In the United States, about one out of 60 thousand people who have the Tay-Sachs disease are in the Judaic population while one out of 14 thousand are afflicted with Tay-Sachs in Israel About one out of 30 Jews in America bearers the Tay-Sachs disease trait ( www.webknx ) . Are at that place Different Forms of the Tay-Sachs disease? There are different signifiers of Tay-Sachs. There is the common childish Tay-Sachs, normally called juvenile Tay-Sachs. In childish Tay-Sachs the enzyme Hex A is non present to interrupt down lipoids in the encephalon cells. The other signifier of Tay-Sachs is the grownup oncoming of Tay-Sachs. Adult onset of Tay-Sachs differs from childish Tay-Sachs because there are low degrees of Hex A enzyme in the encephalon cells. But like childish Tay-Sachs, grownup oncoming of Tay-Sachs still do impairment of the encephalon cells. In childish Tay-Sachs, the kid affected normally dies around the 5th twelvemonth of their lives. Peoples with big onset Tay-Sachs normally die around their 15th birthday ( www.noah ) . What Are the Symptoms of Tay-Sachs Disease? Symptoms of Tay-Sachs Disease can be painful and hard to cover with. Most of the symptoms of Tay-Sachs are physical symptoms. These symptoms can dwell of manus shudders, awkwardness, address hindrances, get downing troubles, jobs with pace and balance, and musculus failing. Other jobs with Tay-Sachs included temper changes, unnatural behaviour, Muscular Dystrophy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Not all symptoms of Tay-Sachs are physical ( www.webknx ) . Most patient with Tay-Sachs develop mental unwellness and suffer from psychological jobs. Psychological symptoms of Tay-Sachs are memory damage, trouble in comprehension accomplishments, and hapless public presentation in school. Loss of memory is really common among Tay-Sachs patients ( www.webknx1 ) . Babies who inherit the Tay-Sachs Disease normally have a shut down of their nervous system. First marks of a infant holding Tay-Sachs diseases are bit by bit loss of smiling, creeping, turning over, loss of abil ity to hold on objects, sightlessness, palsy, and unknowingness of milieus ( www.noah ) . How Can a Person Find Out if They Are a Carrier of Tay-Sachs Disease? A individual can happen out whether or non they a rhenium bearer of the Tay-Sachs Disease by seeing a geneticist. The geneticist would take sample of a person’s Deoxyribonucleic acid and analyse it for the enzymes hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B. The geneticist would so look for mutants in the two enzymes. If a mutant is found, the individual is perchance a bearer for Tay-Sachs Disease ( Triggs- Raine ) . How Can One Find Out if Their Child would Have or Be a Carrier of The Tay-Sachs Disease? If an expectant female parent wants to cognize if her kid will hold Tay-Sachs or be a bearer of the disease, she would travel see her obstetrician for familial showing. The obstetrician will either execute an amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling, or CVS ( Campbell and www.noah ) . In amniocentesis, which is normally done between the fifteenth and 18th hebdomad of gestation, a acerate leaf is inserted into the female parent # 8217 ; s venters to take sample of the amniotic sac fluid that surrounds the foetus. The fluid contains foetal cells that can be examined for the presence of the enzyme hex A. In CVS, which is normally done during the ten percent to twelfth hebdomad of gestation, the physician would take samples of cells either through a thin tubing inserted through the vagina and neck to the placenta or by infixing a long acerate leaf through the female parent # 8217 ; s tummy. Like the amnionic fluid, the placenta cells contain hex A ( www.noah ) . Amniocentesis is done by centrifugating the amnionic fluid, salvaging the pellet for a civilization to be karyotyped. This method is clip devouring whereas with CVS the consequences of the karyotyping can be revealed within twenty four hours ( Campbell ) . Are there Any Recent Scientific Studies on Tay-Sachs Disease? Although Tay-Sachs Disease is non reference every bit much as other familial upsets, such as reaping hook cell anaemia, there is recent research being done on Tay-Sachs. There was a trial done to test bearer of the Tay-Sachs disease. The trial consisted of a comparing of DNA-based and enzyme-based trials. In the trials, scientist looked for the substance ganglioside GM2 in each of it # 8217 ; s topics. They so compared the enzyme-based trial with the Deoxyribonucleic acid based trial. After comparing the analysis of both trials, the scientists concluded that there were three mutants of Tay-Sachs Disease. Two of the mutants cause childish Tay-Sachs and the 3rd was big oncoming of Tay-Sachs. The mutant of Tay-Sachs were found on the DNA polymerase ironss ( Triggs- Raine ) . The DNA- and enzyme-based trials were performed on about 62 Ashkenazi Jews who carried the cistron for Tay-Sachs. The study didn # 8217 ; t province whether the people being tested really had Tay-Sachs or if they merely carried the cistron for Tay-Sachs. Ninety per centum of the people tested had all three of the mutant strands of Tay-Sachs Disease. The DNA-based trial proved to demo whether a individual carried the three of the mutants Tay-Sachs Disease better than the enzyme-based trial ( Triggs-Raine ) . Decision Tay-Sachs Disease is a familial upset that can non be corrected, at least non in this present clip. Although there are now ways for a individual to hold familial showing to see if they have Tay- Sachs or if they are a bearer of Tay-Sachs, they still have to populate with the possibility that they might go through on the familial upset to their kids. It possibly a one out of four opportunity that a twosome who both have the Tay-Sachs bearer cistron might hold a kid with Tay-Sachs, but that is a hazardous opportunity to do. Possibly with future engineering, scientist would be able to happen a manner to change by reversal the mutants of the Tay-Sachs Disease cistron. Plants Cited Page Primary Source 1. ) Triggs-Raine, B.L. # 8220 ; Screening For Carriers of Tay-Sachs Disease Among Ashkenazi Jews: A Comparison of DNA-based and Enzyme-based Tests. # 8221 ; The New England Journal of Medicine. 5 July 1990 v323 n1 pp6-12. ( Found through Internet hunt Tay-Sachs disease. In depth information on Tay-Sachs proving. ) Diaries 2. ) Bradley, David. # 8220 ; Weighing Up Tay-Sachs Disease. # 8221 ; Analytical Chemistry. 1 July 1998 v70 n13 p443A. ( Found through Cleveland Public Library Infotrack. ) 3. ) Eng, Christine MD. # 8220 ; Prenatal Genetic Carrier Testing Using Triple Disease Screening. # 8221 ; JAMA. 15 October 1997 v278 n15 pp 1268-1272. ( Found in Cleveland Public Library Infotrack. This article merely gave background but non in deepness inside informations on familial proving for Tay-Sachs Disease and Cystic Fibrosis. ) 4. ) Motulsky, Arno G. # 8220 ; Screening For Genetic Diseases ( Editorial ) . # 8221 ; The New England Journal of Medicine. 1 May 1997 v336 n18 pp 1314-1317. ( Found through Cleveland Public Library Infotrack. Gave general information on cistron mutants. ) Internet Beginnings 5. ) www.webknx.com/LOTSF/p1.htm ( Found through Yahoo.com ) 6. ) www.noah, cuny.edu/pregnancy/march_of_dimes/birth_defects/taysachs.htm ( Found through Yahoo.com ) 7. ) www.ninds.nih.gov/healinfo/disorders/taysachs/taysachs.htm ( Found through Yahoo.com ) 8. ) www.webknx.com/LOFTSF/ts.htm ( Found through Yahoo.com ) Other Beginnings 9. ) Campbell, Neil A. Biology. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc. California, 1996. ( Gave general information on Tay-Sachs, amniocentesis, and CVS. ) 10. ) Acker, Bonnie and Lois Alix. The New Bodies, Ourselves. Touchstone Printing Company. New York, 1992. ( Gave general information on amniocentesis and CVS. Did non utilize in study because I felt that the information was excessively obscure and non in deepness. ) 11. ) The Student Reference Library ( Computer Software. Information I found on the Cadmium Rom was an overview of Tay-Sachs disease. It merely gave a definition of what Tach-Sachs disease was and didn # 8217 ; t plunge a full in depth account of what the disease does to the encephalon. )

Whatever Example

Whatever Example Whatever – Essay Example Management MANAGEMENT Functions of Management The major functions of management are planning, leading, organizing, and controlling. Planning involves the setting of goals and objectives, as well as determining the appropriate strategy for achieving these objectives (Robbins & Coulter, 2014). In this case, managers should be aware of external and internal conditions affecting the organization. In the organizing function, the manager is involved in developing the structure of the organization, as well as allocating appropriate human resources to ensure that all future objectives can be accomplished. The organizational structure consists of the framework used in coordinating the organization’s efforts, which the manager oversees. The third function of management is leading, which involves influencing employees towards achieving the organization’s goals and objectives. To effectively perform this function, the manager is required to communicate effectively, motivate subordi nates, and use their power effectively. Managers who lead effectively increase their employees’ enthusiasm in achieving these objectives. Finally, the manager also performs the controlling function, which involves making sure that the performance of their organization and employees does not deviate from set objectives and standards (Robbins & Coulter, 2014). In this case, the manager should establish performance standards, use these standards to compare against actual performance, and take necessary corrective action. Ethics in Management Ethical behavior is an essential aspect of management because managers hold authoritative positions, which make them accountable for their subordinates’ ethical conduct. As such, the manager’s ethical conduct must set an example for their subordinates. In deciding whether to provide the job applicant with insider information, the manager should not share the information because it is against the employer’s and PMI’s code of professional conduct, especially since it is not honest or fair to other applicants (PMI, 2012). Moreover, this decision is not free from external influence, while there are other alternatives like helping the applicant prepare for the interview. Finally, giving the information will not be beneficial to all concerned, while giving the information will not look like a good decision when made public. Global Managers Managers should understand the global environment because competitors, investors, suppliers, and markets can be anywhere across the globe (DomiÃŒ nguez, 2011). The manager will have to take advantage of business opportunities wherever they are, thus must be aware of the global environment to benefit from the opportunities. This awareness allows managers to enter new profitable markets and obtain resources from global markets at lower costs than may be possible domestically. In addition, this awareness ensures that managers understand the repercussions of global economic fluctuations, new competitors, and product shortages that could negatively influence the organization’s ability to access resources or markets. Therefore, the 21st century manager must understand the global forces that affect their business and their ability to appropriately respond to these forces (DomiÃŒ nguez, 2011). Management Impact Managers can use the 8D process in the workplace with the aim of process improvement, especially when a client issues the organization with a corrective action. This approach involves the inclusion of process experts in a team that is tasked with resolving the problem, description of the problem from the client’s perspective and statement of actual issues, and identification of action to prevent further complaints from clients (QAS, 2014). Further, the team undertakes root cause verification to identify whether the problem is caused by the method, employee, materials, or machines, as well as implementation of the corrective action. Finally, the team is required to verify the corrective action, take preventive actions against future incidents, and congratulate the team on a job well done (QAS, 2014). References DomiÃŒ nguez, A. L. (2011). Global management: Strategy, challenges, and uncertainties. New York: Nova Science Publishers PMI. (2012). PMI Ethical Decision-Making Framework. Retrieved June 18, 2015, from Project Management Institute: pmi.org/~/media/PDF/Ethics/Ethical%20Decision%20Making%20Framework%20-%20FINAL.ashx Quality Assurance Solutions. (2014). 8D Problem Solving. Retrieved June 18, 2015, from Basic Tools for Process Improvement : quality-assurance-solutions.com/8D-Problem-Solving.html Robbins, S. P., & Coulter, M. K. (2014). Management. Boston: Pearson

Corporate Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Corporate Communications - Essay Example Corporate Communications In today’s work educational institutions, organisations, dynamic and cultural environment require employees and students to work together in groups at certain coordinative and tolerant levels. This will provide vast experience of working in teams or groups. Members of the team should apply reflective practice for the success of the team. In everything we do we learn from experience. After analysing previous experiences it gives us deep understanding of what was done, why it was a failure or a success, and what could have been done for better results. Reflection enables teams, groups, and individuals to improve working practices and move forward. It reinforces sense of accomplishment and competence at the same time helps in recognising areas of weaknesses. The concept of practice is where an individual has an active idea which reflects on various events and use what they learn from them to improve future events. Reflective practice has been recognised as essential skill for ind ividuals who are required to evaluate and analyse their professional or personal performance. An effective teamwork is both difficult and simple; this is because there might be lack of cooperation, limited resources, and misunderstanding between group members. Factors, which affect the groups and teamwork, are both in the work environment and within the team itself. The team should understand the targets and goals and commit themselves to attain them. This is a clear agreement and direction as purpose and mission are essential for effective groups and teamwork. This will enable the team to have clarity as reinforcement in an organization having clean and precise expectations for the group’s goals, accountability, outcomes, and work. In many groups I have participated and experience; they collapse or get poor results due to lack of understanding on the goals of the team or group. The first thing the team or group should do is to set goals and targets such that they will fight to meet the goals. This will lead to better results and findings as each and every member of the group will have understood and commit themselves on the task for achievements. A team creates a comfortable environment where people or members can take reasonable risks in advocating positions, taking action, and communicating. Team members should not be punished when they disagree; this will discourage them in participating on future events or even leading to the collapse of the team. The disagreement should be treated as weaknesses on the team and look for solutions for successful group work in future. Communication should be respectful, honest and open in the team discussions. In many groups, some members do not have freedom to express their points. This will lead to contribution of points by few members; this is a weakness in the team as there will be limitation in the ideas contributed. In many groups minority members are not given time to contribute, they are suppressed by the lea ders and this is a major problem which should be urgently addressed (Cornelissen, 2004, p. 38). These minor members might have important points but due to the suppression, they are not heard. The team members should be given time to ask questions for clarifications, in this regard, they will spend their thought listening keenly and not forming rebuttals when another member is speaking. The team members have a

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Project Management - Essay Example Summary of the article and exploration of the raised issues The article identifies Mark Bew as the man who is in charge of ensuring that government contractors subscribe and adhere to Business Information Technology. He heads a government agency whose role is to ensure application of BIM and recounts that significant progress has been achieved over the scope of his work and that of his agency. Even though the application promises a higher level of efficiency and reduced costs, it has been a difficult task convincing both government departments and contractors to adapt BIM. In its scope of reducing the cost of government constructions, the application faces both culture and technology based challenges. While technological developments empower institutions to BIM’s application, only about 33 percent of professionals applied BIM by the year 2011. This was an improvement from the recorded 13 percent in the year 2010 and about 75 percent of the professional who were informed of the application promised to use it in the year 2012. The application has also been poorly defined and this could be a factor to its low rate of use besides different opinions and expectations from stakeholders. The different groups of stakeholders report their developed concerns, to Bew, that are then forwarded to the cabinet for consideration. BIM also operates in different levels of shared information. Level 2 BIM reserves proprietary rights while level 3 BIM is more open. Its information disclosure is however similar to the current impacts of the social media and should therefore not pose serious threats. The swift implementation of BIM and its associated jargon has also identified differences among stakeholders. â€Å"Culture and integration† is one of the bases of such differences, as some of the stakeholders believe that implementing the application requires a preliminary cultural transition and development of a level of integration (Construction Manager, 18). The amount o f information to be shared in the model is another concern of the different stakeholders with opinions that the government would require more than necessary data from subscribing parties. Balancing scorecard in application of BIM is another identified concern because of the government’s procurement need that prioritizes the lowest bidder and the need for BIM compliance since the lowest bidder may lack the compliance as opposed to the most costly bidder. Other issues that application of BIM faces include â€Å"finding a wider audience,† â€Å"integrated project insurance,† and â€Å"charter for new consultants† (Construction Manager, 20). Crotty however identifies a competitive advantage and efficiency from contractors’ application of BIM as benefits because of the precision in description of construction components and ease in identification of contractors’ products (Construction Manager, 2012). Development and application of Building Inform ation Modelling has marked a significant transition in the construction industry, from two dimensional drawings that required multiple representation and could still not be interpreted by computers, to a three dimensional models that are can be interpreted by computer systems (Easman, 2009). The new approach applies computer software for managing data (Chartered Institute of building, 2011). The application has diversified advantages such as

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Theory of Inner Core Super-Rotation: An Analysis

Theory of Inner Core Super-Rotation: An Analysis Andrew Brown Introduction This article investigates the various thought processes behind, and controversies surrounding, the theory of Inner Core super-rotation. The Inner Core of the Earth is composed predominantly of soli iron, and lies at the centre of the planet, surrounded by a liquid Outer Core (again, predominantly composed of iron). It is a region that has long been known for having a profound influence in the processes that maintain convection within the liquid Outer Core. Understanding the workings of the Inner Core could be key in the understanding of dynamo theory, the Earth’s magnetic field (from its origins, through to the present day), heat-flow, core-history, core-composition, and possibly effects on the Earth’s gravity field. In recent years, many seismic studies have indicated that the Inner Core contains large-scale anisotropy in its velocity structure. It was discovered that there was evidence of systematic changes in the travel-time of waves travelling through the Inner Core. These changes (changing over long time periods) were interpreted as indications of the Inner Core rotating at a different rate than that of the other material within the Earth. It was suggested that the Inner Core is rotating in an Eastward direction relative to the Mantle and Crust, at a rate measurable within human time-scales. This finding was initially dismissed as being either too slow a rotation-rate, or considered to be physically impossible. However, additional evidence, displayed in recent studies into the matter, is found to support the hypothesis that the Inner Core is, in fact, super-rotating. Despite this finding, the topic of Inner Core super-rotation, along with discussions about the rate at which it is rotating, i s still considered a controversial area of research. Research History The first suggestion of a super-rotating mass at the centre of the Earth was brought on by analysis of the interaction between the solid Inner and liquid Outer Core. The viscosity of the Outer Core is very low, and is thought to convect at a rate of approximately 1cms-1. It could be thought that this might result in the appearance that the Inner Core was moving with respect to the mantle. In order to investigate this phenomenon further, Glatzmaier Roberts (1995) modelled a numerical solution for 3D convection dynamo motions within the Outer ore. This model successfully reproduced observed magnetic field strength and reversal behaviour. However, in the model, the Inner Core was free to rotate, and what was found was that it naturally super-rotated in an Eastward direction. From this is was then hypothesised that seismic reflections, rebounding off the Inner/Outer Core boundary, could show evidence of this modelled rotation, but it was later found that a more efficient data set would be to examine seismic waves that are transmitted through the Inner Core (Song Richards, 1996). Using this technique, along with others (such as analysis of geodynamo processes and shear-wave conversions within the Inner Core), there is more evidence supporting a super-rotating Inner Core, than not. However, even upon agreeing that this idea is both plausible and probable, there is still a large level of uncertainty surrounding the rate at which the Inner Core is rotating with respect to the Mantle. There have been suggestions in recent studies that it is rotating at a rate of less than 1à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °yr-1, but equally, there have been suggestions of rotation rates of over 1à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °yr-1, and even suggestions recently of no discernable difference in rotation. Evidence for Super-Rotation Our current theories of the origins of the Earth’s magnetic field rely on the understanding of the geodynamo processes occurring within the core. Differential rotation is a requirement for the geodynamo to exist. It is this differential rotation that drives the dynamo action by generating toroidal magnetic fields from poloidal. Initially, there are poloidal field lines, which are then ‘wound up’ by the differential rotation (shown in figure 1). Only a small amount of diffusion is needed to break these poloidal lines and form a toroidal loop, and these new toroidal field lines then amplify the original poloidal field, and the process repeats. It can be observe that the core surface appears to drift in a westward direction. If the Inner Core is, indeed, differentially rotating, then it would suggest an eastward drift at the Inner Core boundary. This predicted eastward drift agrees with the eastward drift observe in geodynamo simulations. In addition to this, it is well understood by electromagnetism, that Inner and Outer Core are well coupled, and thus would suggest that the Inner Core should be super-rotating, and drift east. Although a super-rotating Inner Core is consistent with current geodynamo theories, such a controversial subject area requires more actual, observable evidence in order to validate these assumptions. This evidence comes from analysis of Inner Core seismology. P-waves are found to travel through the Inner Core approximately 3 or 4% faster in a direction almost parallel to the north/south axis, than in directions along the equatorial plane. (Poupinet et al., 1983; Morelli et al., 1986; Song Helmberger, 1993). In addition to this, analysis of the free-oscillations of the Earth that contain significant energy within the Inner Core shows evidence of shear-wave splitting (Masters Gilbert, 1981; Sharruck Woodhouse, 1998), another indication of a variation in velocity between planes. Both these phenomena are show Inner Core anisotropy, with the ‘fast axis’ tilted approximately 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° from the rotation axis (figure 2). This fact can be used to the advantage of research ers, as if the Inner Core is super-rotating then it should be possible to observe this ‘fast axis’ precessing over long time periods. In other words, if the anisotropic Inner Core rotates about the north/south axis at a different rate to that of the Mantle, then the observed travel-times will change in a systematic fashion for repeated seismic signals passing through the Inner Core. Interpretations of the relative (rather than absolute) timings are use in order to reduce the methods sensitivity to errors in source locations. The method uses a combination of source and receiver pairs that allow for seismic rays through the Inner Core, that also have an orientation that will be sensitive to the effect of the hypothesised rotation on the ‘fast axis’. The differences in travel-times are analysed for three different ray path phases: AB, BC and DF (shown in figure 3). Ray paths through the Earth are very close together, hence the need to analyse relative travel-times. Mantle convection is slow, and the Outer Core is well-mixed, and thus the travel time of the BC phases should remain relatively constant over time. It should, therefore, be safe to assume that any variations observed over time will have an Inner Core origin. Each of these phases travel through different sections of the Earth’s Mantle and Core, and thus contain different information, therefore, changes between phases are unlikely to be due to event mislocation. The contrast between AB and BC phases are mostly just scattered; however, the difference between BC and DF phases show a systematic increase over time. However, interpretation of the differences in travel time, alone, is not sufficient to detect super-rotation. It is the effect on the parameter, ÃŽ ¾ (the angle of the ray with respect to the Inner Core ‘fast axis’), that is sensitive to the changes in ray paths that would be observed if the Inner Core were differentially rotating. Figure 4 shows two curves: the percentage velocity perturbations with ÃŽ ¾; and the derivative of this curve, with respect to ÃŽ ¾, which illustrates the sensitivity to changes in velocity with ÃŽ ¾, which is what would be expected with super-rotation. Studies of these core-phase relative travel times have indicated a definite eastward Inner Core rotation rate of approximately 1à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° per year (Song Richards, 1996), although further studies have produced varying results for this rate. Ovtchinnikov et al. (1998), again, used BC-DF travel-time differences brought on by nuclear explosions, thus reducing the error in source location. The result of this study, produced through the analysis of long time-series data over decades, was consistent with a cylindrically symmetric Inner Core which is moving in an eastward direction. It was found that it rotated at a rate of 0.3-1.1à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °yr-1. Another, different, approach by Vidale Earle (2000) was to use short-period seismic waves, or ‘coda’, that are reflected back from the Inner Core (PkikP phase). This method is particularly affective (in comparison to previous techniques) as it allows for the measurement of changes in Inner Core rotation rates. They found that, over a period of around 3 years, the western hemisphere of the Inner Core appeared to be moving towards the recording station, and the eastern, away. This is what would be expected for an eastwardly super-rotating Inner Core, and the rate of this rotation was estimated to be around 0.15à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °yr-1. Controversies Surrounding Super-Rotation Although many studies agree on an eastwardly rotating Inner Core with respect to the Mantle, research using only slightly different methodologies and phase combinations has produced vastly varied results. Researchers have dismissed the variations in the findings as being due to the methodology producing the results being inadequate, and that the data is insufficient. All of the methods described rely on the use of data over a time period which could be up to decades. Seismogram quality has improved greatly over time; therefore arrivals will end up being picked earlier in the more accurate, modern seismograms. In addition to this, the rays being analysed have to 1st travel through local source, receiver and deep mantle structure before then passing through the area of interest (Inner Core). These have greater effects on the velocity variations than that of the Inner Core anisotropy, which reduces the accuracy at which the effects of the Inner Core can be interpreted. All initial studies, although successful in providing ‘proof’ of Inner Core super-rotation, rely on the assumption of a homogeneous, cylindrically symmetric model for the distribution of Inner Core anisotropy, with a north/south tilted fast axis. On top of this, the assumption of the Inner Core as essentially a rigid rotating rigid body, forces a potentially unrealistic framework. Instead, a ductile Inner Core is more plausible, which would deform as rotates. Recent studies into mode splitting functions have shown that there are complex patterns of inhomogeneity in anisotropy within the Inner Core. These must be included in the base-model because of the effects of Inner Core lateral velocity variations on the observed travel times as the body rotates. Therefore, work is still needed to be done to understand these heterogeneities, in order to interpret the changes in travel times for a more precise estimation of the rotation-rate. In addition to heterogeneities within the Inner Core, the effects on seismic velocities brought on by artefacts (such as subducting slabs) at the base of the mantle must be understood, as they could lead to misinterpretation of ‘evidence’ for temporal brought on by the rotation. Thus there is some-what of a trade-off between the rotation rate, and the lateral change in velocities when interpreting the travel-times. It is found that a non-zero rotation rate of approximately 0.2à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °yr-1 is required to explain the temporal variations in observed relative travel times between the BC and DF phases. Finally, â€Å"the Inner Core is far less accessible to us than the surface of any planet in the solar system†. The Inner Core lies at the very centre f the Earth, inside a highly variable 3000km of solid mantle and a convecting liquid Outer Core. This results in poor, restricted sampling locations and reduced number usable of ray-paths, resulting in biased results, as there are only limited locations for source receiver pairs that can collect information on the key phases (see figure 3) used in the interpretation. Conclusions In conclusion, although there is increasing evidence supporting the theory of Inner Core super-rotation, it is clear that there is still a lot of work and research needed to be done. In addition to this, even if the theory of a super-rotating Inner Core is viewed as not only plausible, but necessary, a further understanding of the dynamics and structural influences of the Outer and Inner Core is still required to correctly determine a precise rate for this rotation It is for these reasons that the topic of Inner Core super-rotation, along with discussions about the rate at which it is rotating, is still a very active and controversial area of research. References Glatzmaier, G. A. and Roberts, P. H. 1995. A three-dimensional convective dynamo solution with rotating and finitely conducting inner core and mantle.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 91 (1), pp. 6375. MAkinen, A. M. and Deuss, A. 2011. Global seismic body-wave observations of temporal variations in the Earths inner core, and implications for its differential rotation.Geophysical Journal International, 187 (1). Masters, G. and Gilbert, F. 1981. Structure of the inner core inferred from observations of its spheroidal shear modes.Geophysical Research Letters, 8 (6), pp. 569571. Morelli, A., Dziewonski, A. M. and Woodhouse, J. H. 1986. Anisotropy of the inner core inferred from PKIKP travel times.Geophysical Research Letters, 13 (13), pp. 15451548. Ovtchinnikov et al. 1998 About the velocity of differential rotation of the Earth’s inner core. Dokl. Russ. Acad. Sci. Geophys., 362, 683-686. Poupinet, G., Pillet, R. and Souriau, A. 1983. Possible heterogeneity of the Earths core deduced from PKIKP travel times.Nature, 305 (5931), pp. 204206. Richards, P. G. 2000. Earth’s inner corediscoveries and conjectures.Astronomy Geophysics, 41 (1) Sharrock, D. and Woodhouse, J. 1998. Investigation of time dependent inner core structure by the analysis of free oscillation spectra.EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE, 50 pp. 10131018. Song, X. and Helmberger, D. V. 1993. Effect of velocity structure in D †³on PKP phases.Geophysical research letters, 20 (4), pp. 285288. Song, X. and Richards, P. G. 1996. Seismological evidence for differential rotation of the Earths inner core.Nature, 382 (6588), pp. 221224. Vidale, J. E. and Earle, P. S. 2000. Fine-scale heterogeneity in the Earths inner core.Nature, 404 (6775). 1

Public Education Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Public Education Governor Jeb Bush initiated the nation's boldest voucher experiment in June of 1999 when he signed into law his Opportunity Scholarship Program. Florida is the first in the nation with a statewide plan allowing state-paid tuition for children in "F" graded schools to attend private schools or other non-failing schools. Opponents claim that giving parents the choice to use state education funds at private schools could end up bankrupting the public education system so many children rely upon. Proponents of vouchers argue the voucher program will give parents a way to help children trapped in failing schools. Matthew Berry, a staff attorney with the Washington, D.C. based Institute for Justice, believes, â€Å"As far as public money going to private education, it's just like college students who use their [federal] Pell grants to go to Notre Dame†(Soriano 18). I was happy that on March 14, 2000 Leon County Circuit Court Judge Ralph Smith declared the voucher plan a vio lation of Florida's constitution. I don't believe that vouchers will solve Florida's education problems. Jeb Bush and Frank Brogan, the former Commissioner of Education in Florida, have made education their number one priority. After months of studying, arguing, lobbying, and dealing, they presented the A+ Plan to the Florida Legislature and it passed. Under this plan, "All schools will be graded 'A' through 'F' based primarily on state assessment test scores and other data which includes attendance, dropout rate, discipline data, and student readiness for college" (Voucher and Accountability for Public Schools). When a school is graded "F" for two years in a four year period, the children become eligible for vouchers which allow... ...ournal 18 July 1999: B3. Ladner, Charles. Telephone interview. 5 March 2000. Nazareno, Analisa. â€Å"Tuition voucher foes launch pricey campaign to sway public opinion.† Miami Herald 16 February 2000: B3. Peltier, Michael. â€Å"Florida School Voucher Plan Ruled Unconstitutional.† Tallahassee Democrat 14 March 2000: C1. â€Å"Questions and answers on the education initiative.† Pensacola News Journal 18 July 1999: A1. Soriano, Jennifer. â€Å"Vouchers: Choice or Neglect?† Shewire 16 March 2000: 18. Streater, Amie K. â€Å"For some students, the road to an education is uphill, lonely.† Pensacola News Journal 24 October 1999: A8. Walsh, Erin. â€Å"Children fight to learn, even before class starts.† Pensacola News Journal 24 October 1999: A9. Wilgoren, Jodi. â€Å"Florida’s Vouchers a Spur to 2 Schools Left Behind.† New York Times 14 March 2000: D5.

Managing Motivation at Technocraft

Managing Motivation at Technocraft Lea Darrigade Ines Gyselinck Mary Sagala Benjamin Seban Intercultural Management BS 1 Christophoros Lambridis I. Introduction This report talks about the working motivational problem shown by the workers in a small factory named Technocraft, located in the South East of England. It had slowed down the company’s function in producing high-quality sound recording equipment. The problem has risen to high labor turnover and difficulties in recruiting new employees. It led George Orwell Newell, the company chairman, to hire a consultant named Helen McKiernan to figure out the sources of the problems.In order to help figuring out the problem, George Orwell told Helen about his hypothesis of the lack of motivation in workers is because company’s location which is in the below-average national unemployment are, therefore most of the women workers, who work on the wiring, had no real reason to work since they already have husbands who can earn adequate wages to fulfill living necessities. However, Helen did not want to conclude the problem there. When Helen had done her research, she found out that the workers actually enjoyed their work, but hate to work for the company.In other words, the problem that halted the working motivation in workers is the management itself. II. Forms of inefficient management that leads to the lack of working motivation. a) Uncomforting regulation on working performance In a company, it is important to keep the relationship among the workers, including the manager and chairman, to be good so that they can have comfort in doing their jobs. However this failed to happen in Technocraft. This problem occurred since George elected Robert as the wiring Department supervisor.In order to boost the company’s production, Robert ended all informal working practices and excessive talking among the women workers on the shopfloor. Since then, all the wiring workers have resented his presence. This ma de the workers to be depressed working for the company. Moreover there was lack of honesty in Robert, when he did mistake in recognizing two women workers, who were late to work, with Elena and Veronica, who were hardworking workers in the company. Even though, he knew his mistake afterwards, his ego was too high to accept his mistake and apologize to Elena and Veronica.This caused the intense relation between workers and their advisors, which then lead to the slow growth of working production in the company. b) Productivity rise vs. Worker’s rewards From this report, we can see how productivity and motivation show their positive relation. Therefore company would do anything to increase the worker’s motivation. For example, in Technocraft, to increase their productivity, George initiated a program called â€Å"employee morale-boosting† to intensify worker’s motivation to do their jobs.To achieve a long-term progress in their work, there should be fairness and sincerity in all the effort that the manager do to boost the motivation in workers. For example, when George told the workers that they would obtain rewards if they work hard until they can achieve the production target of the year, however when the target was achieved, all the worker got was just tee-shirt. This shows no fairness to the workers. It showed no equality between the reward and the hard works that had been done. George doesn’t want to increase the production cost by giving them more bonus or other reward that are more equal to the workers’ hard works.III. What Helen & George should do a) Build good relationship among the low-skilled workers, their advisors and chairman In order to start a better future working expectation, George should apologize for the inconvenience and unfairness that happened to the workers. Therefore, workers can be more convinced for a better working condition that would happen in the future. This should be the initial step to b e done by George. On the other hand, Helen can help to convince the workers, by telling them that her research would help convey their burdens to the managers so they can be solved immediately. ) Enact a better management system 1) Be more understanding with employees behavior In order to improve the motivation in working, regulation established within the company should emphasize the comfort of workers. For example, there is no need to stop the out-of-work conversations among the workers while they are working because it would make the workers less comfortable in doing their works. It becomes more unnecessary if the works are easy to do. In addition, advisors need to listen more to the workers’ excuse for doing their mistakes.This is the only way to separate forgivable mistakes from the unforgivable ones. It becomes a forgivable mistake, if it cannot be avoided or there is logical reason behind it. This would help build a better relation between the workers and their advisor s, which create comfort to workers to do their jobs. 2) Pay the employees who work over time Last but not least, the company should pay an appropriate bonus wage the overtime workers. This has a big contribution to grow their motivation since there is an equivalent reward to achieve with the right amount of hard works to do.This policy would bring profit not only to the workers, but also to the company because it can obtain more productivity from the workers. Some people may think that this would increase the short-term cost of production. However the long-term profit would outweigh the short-term cost. Moreover the higher cost of production can be covered by higher price of the products. These higher price would then lead more profit, since the products would be produced more cause by the increase in worker’s motivation. Therefore, this idea would bring benefit to the company in the long term. IV.Effects of the solutions a) Do nothing By doing nothing, the problem remains an d the company may lose profits and portrays a weak image of him to his co-workers. But by doing nothing can give positives ways such as cheap in the short- term and avoiding the risks of making bigger mistakes b) There would be no more labor turnover & difficulties in recruiting new employees. After all, these solutions would bring more comfort to the working condition in the company. There is would less reason for worker willing resign. Moreover, it could lead to a competition for people to work there.Hence, managers or chairman need to keep a management that benefits both the workers and the company. c) Find a new management system The good management would automatically lead to better relation among workers, which then brings a better working atmosphere to work better. If this could happen, the productivity of the company would increase. On the other side, we don’t know if the new manager will be better than the other one: nicer, understanding and skilled. If we take this risk, it will take a lot of time and costs and at the end we are sure of nothing. If the manager d).Pay the employees working overtime. It could drive the employees and would out perform themselves, and also bring a long term financial investment for the company but could get more costs in short-term too. V. Theory and Conclusion We can see that the way George ‘s running his company would correspond to the Mc Clelland’s 3 needs theory. He wants to exercise influence and control others (Npower). He is looking for success and he fears of failure (Nachievement). Nonetheless he does not take care of his employees; he does not pay attention to his social group.In conclusion George does not follow the right way, he should follow the Frederick Herzberg ‘s theory, which means motivate his employees to do well job , respects hygiene in order to obtain job satisfaction from the employees. So finally the best solution for George and his company would be to pay more attention to the employees, make them feel good in the company, show that George is involved in the production process and moreover give to people the money they deserve. So it is a combination of the solution two and three.

How to Write a Memo

How to Write a Memo How to Write a Memo How to Write a Memo By Mark Nichol The memo may seem like a thing of the past, long ago supplanted by the email message. However, its general format can be applied to electronic communications, and the hard-copy memo still has its place in businesses and other organizations, especially when providing context for a print publication or another physical object being distributed among a group of people. Here are guidelines about format and organization of a memo. The full form of memo, memorandum the equally acceptable plural forms are memoranda and memorandums means â€Å"to be remembered,† and though memos often serve as reminders, they may also introduce a resource or call attention to an event, a policy, or an issue. Memos are useful for informing or reminding multiple people about something. The only reason to circulate a printed memo rather than email the intended recipients, however, is to minimize the risk that sensitive information will be distributed outside that limited audience, though hard copy can also be leaked to or otherwise appropriated by outside parties. (In that case, it might be best to avoid documentation altogether and circulate the information in person or by telephone.) Therefore, as stated above, the following recommendations are best suited for electronic transmission or for cases in which a memo accompanies an object. Select the recipients carefully to avoid introducing inefficiency by being too inclusive or inviting resentment by deliberately or inadvertently excluding certain parties. If a superior has requested that you send the memo or will benefit from reading its contents (or simply from knowing that you sent it), be sure to include that person, but take care not to distribute it to upper management unless it is essential information for them; alternatively, you can leave it to your immediate supervisor to decide whether to pass the memo along to his or her superior(s). Keep in mind, too, the nature of the memo and the culture of the business or organization when determining the degree of formality with which you refer to people or how you write the memo in general. Format a memo with single line spaces, justified to the left margin, and use line spaces rather than indented first lines of paragraphs to distinguish small blocks of text. Use clear, concise, direct language, and employ headings and bullet or numbered lists to outline the main points. The first section, the header, should include four components: a â€Å"to† field with recipients’ names and job titles, a â€Å"from† field with the sender’s name and job title, the full date, and a short but specific subject line. Introduce the topic in the first paragraph by providing the memo’s purpose (for example, to explain the reason for distributing a printed document), the context of the topic (the importance to the recipients and the company or organization of the document), and the expected outcome (the recipients should read the document and perhaps be prepared to discuss it at an upcoming meeting). In the sentences (or brief paragraphs) that follow, expand on the context and the task, then elaborate on any points before summarizing the topic and closing with a comment about any follow-up action required or requested (such as asking for recommendations or other responses, or a reference to a scheduled meeting or other event). Headings should be specific (â€Å"Ethics Policy Recommendations,† rather than simply â€Å"Recommendations,† for example), and lists are best restricted to a few phrases or brief statements. Remember, too, that memos (like any other form of writing) should clearly convey the writer’s purpose and associate that purpose with the interests and/or needs of the recipient(s). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?3 Cases of Complicated Hyphenation5 Ways to Reduce Use of Prepositions

Printing And Writing Papers Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essay Example

Printing And Writing Papers Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essay Example Printing And Writing Papers Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Paper Printing And Writing Papers Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Paper Printing And Writing Papers Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Printing and writing papers are used for newspapers, books, magazines, stationeries, commercial printing and digital printing among others. On the basis of product type, the printing and writing papers market is divided into coated mechanical, uncoated mechanical, coated free-sheet and uncoated free-sheet. Among the product segment, only uncoated mechanical has shown growth and is anticipated to follow similar trend over forecast period. Visit Complete Report Here: marketresearchreports.biz/analysis-details/printing-and-writing-papers-market-global-industry-analysis-size-share-growth-trends-and-forecast-2013-2019 The market for printing and writing papers was mainly driven by increasing demand from tissue and packaging products. The demand has increased owing to growing demand from containerboards. In addition, printing and writing papers are also used in digital printin g, commercial printing, office reprographics, magazines, catalogs and stationeries. Commercial printing is the leading application for printing and writing papers. Various types of new packaging techniques in emerging markets are likely to be a major opportunity for the printing and writing papers market. However, environmental regulations associated with paper and pulp industry is likely to be the major restraint for the market. In terms of demand, Asia Pacific is the fastest emerging region for printing and writing papers market. The demand is huge due to lower consumption of paper compared with other regions. In addition, national governments in the countries of China, India, and other Asian countries are taking initiatives to facilitate literacy rate. The demand from North America, South America and European countries market is declining due to stagnation of the market and is likely to exhibit lower growth in near future. The Rest of the World is

REFLECTIVE COMMENTRY- Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

REFLECTIVE COMMENTRY- - Essay Example Anti-social Behaviour act 2003 was enacted in order to provide enforcement for the Antisocial behaviour order and the Fixed Penalty Notice, the ban of sale of spray pain to under 16s and empower the local councils in removal of graffiti from the private property. It also has provisions to deal the truancy, false report for emergency, fireworks, drunkenness and disorder, and related gang activities. Working with other agencies in the society like communal and neighbourhood groups to tackle ASBO issues and work also with the extended policy family to have visible presence in the community to deter and divert crimes. Have opening schedule of licensed premises to ensure crime prevent ant-social behaviour to have proactive visits to the licensed premises in partnership with local police force to provide public reassurances The new policy should also ensure that it uses all the available means to reach to the public to ensure that the problem of antisocial behaviour is address. All the available options including the media and other avenues should be used to reach the public and create awareness on the antisocial behaviour sand how they are to be avoided. In this incidence, the young man who is involved in the antisocial behaviour exhibit problems of social exclusion and other problems. Although he has social problems he is in a bad company which may be influencing him to engage in crimes. Social exclusion can make individual to start engaging in crimes. According to social labelling theory self-identity and behaviour of an individual is influenced by the way that person is labelled by the society and the way that individual is described by the member of the society. Although sub-cultural theory assumer that there are groups or individual in the society that have characters that make them prone to criminal activities, the society also plays big role in constructing the criminal. (Marek 2004, p. 32) Labelling theory

Global Climate Change in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global Climate Change in Australia - Essay Example The author of the paper "Global Climate Change in Australia" considers that climate change has obvious and glaring effects on Australia today. They are supported by empirical evidence and scientific studies. The ecological, economic and social impacts of these effects are the most threatening and that they perhaps outweigh the rationale for the current policy’s indifference to the global climate change accord. The Australian government through its climate change policy may be only exercising its right to support the country’s economic competitiveness and thereafter the general welfare of its people. However, in the long-run, failing to address climate change would have a more devastating effect on the Australian economy in comparison with the sacrifices it has to make in joining the current climate change accords. The issue about climate change involves the prioritizing the eradication of the global practices that are harmful to the environment. This entails a great dea l of sacrifice from each country and requires cooperation and compromise. It is, for example, imperative for any country, such as Australia to help forge a global policymaking environment that promotes the ratification as well as the implementation of multilateral accords about climate change. No single nation could address the problem alone. Not only because today is the so-called age of interdependence. Rather, in global climate change every nation has each own culpability and so each must shoulder the burden in addressing the problem.